价格下界随时间递增的占线采购问题

本文研究的是价格不确定且其下界随时间递增的原材料采购问题。在实际的原材料采购问题中,原材料的价格随时间的变动往往是不可预测的。之前的学者在研究价格不确定的占线采购问题时,假设价格在一个统一的常数上下界内,这没有考虑到经过时间的变化,价格的上下界可能也是变化的。本文提出并研究价格下界随时间递增的原材料占线采购问题。构建了相应数学模型,给出了相应的竞争采购策略并证明了竞争比,同时通过证明问题的匹配竞争比下界,说明给出的竞争采购策略是最优的,最后利用数值分析进一步说明竞争策略具有较好的竞争性能。     

客户转换成本对三级价格歧视的影响分析

本文在给定市场划分条件下,研究了客户转换成本约束下垄断厂商的利润最大化问题,把完全价格歧视和零歧视两种极端情形拓展到一般形式。给出三级价格歧视下利润、价格、产出的计算公式,并详细讨论需求曲率和成本函数斜率的影响     

垄断双边平台的价格策略和数量策略设计问题

考虑垂直差异化下双边参与者的选择行为,利用无穷维多类别用户均衡分析方法建立了垄断双边平台企业的价格策略和数量策略的 MPEC模型.其中,着重研究价格策略中双边平台市场均衡的多重性问题,利用供应曲线和需求曲线综合分析用户均衡多重解的几何特征及价格可行集合.针对非零用户均衡多重性的问题,本文还讨论了乐观和悲观两种用户均衡预期下的最优价格策略设计方法及平台最优数量策略,并发现了最优乐观价格策略和最优数量策略的对偶性.为更好结合平台实际运营,本文考虑平台具有一定的初始用户规模,研究了双边平台用户均衡定点问题的用户规模轨迹迭代方程的极限解,进而获得给定用户规模的平台最优价格策略,为平台企业提供定价决策参考.     

服务产品价格的范围与振荡收敛性研究

服务提供商占有服务创造的价值的问题必然涉及到对服务产品的定价。通过使用价格和服务量共同来描述服务价值的创造与分配,用服务产品的价格的确定来实现价值的分配,用不同的价格决定权和博弈顺序来确定服务产品的价格范围,然后寻求一种服务产品价格的振荡系统,使得服务产品的价格最终收敛于总价值创造最高的价格。     

一类具有生存/危险特征的生鲜品价格策略研究

研究了一个周期内零售商对一种易变质生鲜品的订购和价格决策问题。引入价格转折点概念,变质率具有三参数生存/危险特征的Weibull分布,需求率依赖于变质率和价格,建立利润最大化的目标函数,将求解最优价格的问题转化为带有控制的Bolza问题,得到最优价格表达式。通过算例,研究了价格敏感度和价格转折点变化对利润的影响,进一步给出了灵敏度分析和价格弹性分析;对于生鲜品,随着时间的推移,销售价格越来越低;对销售价格敏感的顾客,销售量随着价格转折点的滞后而降低,但在整个销售阶段的1/2到3/5附近进行价格调整有助于增加利润。     

基于非均匀离散Fourier变换的隐含Levy模型估计研究

市场上交易的期权价格蕴含了市场参与者对期权标的资产价格未来运动的预期信息,基于期权价格得到的标的资产价格运动模型被称为隐含模型,应用于衍生品定价与风险管理显著优于基于资产价格历史数据得到的模型,Levy模型近年来被广泛应用于描述金融资产的价格运动。Levy模型一般不存在解析形式的概率密度函数,但总是存在解析形式的特征函数。利用Levy模型下期权定价的Fourier变换理论,基于非均匀离散Fourier变换研究了隐含Levy模型的参数估计问题。首先,基于Fourier变换的欧式期权定价,给出了欧式看涨期权价格与特征函数之间的关系。接着,介绍了Levy过程基本性质及其特征函数。再接着,给出了非均匀Fourier变换;然后,给出了Fourier域的模型拟合与参数估计。最后,演示了本文方法的在估计隐含Levy模型中的应用,从模型参数估计与模型识别两个方面验证了方法的有效性。研究结果表明,本文方法能够解决Levy过程不存在着解析形式密度函数导致的难以估计隐含模型参数问题,能够处理市场上交易的期权执行价格分布不均匀,数据量少的问题,是一种有价值的参数法隐含概率密度估计方法。     

Coordinating Service‐Sensitive Demand and Capacity by Adaptive Decision Making: An Application of Case‐Based Decision Theory*

The subject of this article is the simultaneous choice of product price and manufacturing capacity if demand is stochastic and service‐level sensitive. In this setting, capacity as well as price have an impact on demand because several aspects of service level depend on capacity. For example, delivery time will be reduced if capacity is increased given a constant demand rate. We illustrate the relationship between service level, capacity, and demand reaction by a stylized application problem from the after‐sales services industry. The reaction of customers to variations in service level and price is represented by a kinked price‐demand‐rate function. We first derive the optimal price‐capacity combination for the resulting decision problem under full information. Subsequently, we focus on a decision maker (DM) who lacks complete knowledge of the demand function. Hence the DM is unable to anticipate the service level and consequently cannot identify the optimal solution. However, the DM will acquire additional information during the sales process and use it in subsequent revisions of the price‐capacity decision. Thus, this decision making is adaptive and based on experience. In contrast to the literature, which assumes certain repetitive procedures somewhat ad hoc, we develop an adaptive decision process based on case‐based decision theory (CBDT) for the price‐capacity problem. Finally, we show that a CBDT DM in our setting eventually finds the optimal solution, if the DM sets the price based on absorption costs and adequately adjusts the capacity with respect to the observed demand.     

需求响应下解决交叉补贴的阶梯电价方案研究——基于社会福利最大化视角

我国电价交叉补贴问题非常严重，其无论从经济效率还是公平上而言都是不合理的，必须尽快解决。通过对现行电价政策分析，阶梯电价政策可以解决交叉补贴问题，但现行方案效果不明显，因此需要调整。不仅如此，由于各档次用户对电价变化的需求响应程度存在差异，调整阶梯电价来解决交叉补贴的方案有许多，故存在一个社会福利最大化的解决方案。本文以社会福利最大化为目标，调整各档用户的电价，同时引入拉格朗日函数，设计出最优解决交叉补贴问题的阶梯电价方案，得到各档相应的电价比值。结果表明，当分档电价比值为1：1.62：2.41时社会福利存在极大值，此时阶梯电价方案是众多方案中的最优方案，社会福利全年增加约为702.00亿元。此方案在解决交叉补贴问题的基础上还兼顾了用户间公平和承受能力，对当前电价改革具有重要参考价值。     

一类基于SPE的物流配送量优化模型

在对物流配送过程进行分析时,将完全垄断企业物流配送量优化问题看作一个带“有向边”的网络,从而利用交通网络优化中的用户均衡原则,将物流配送量的优化问题转化为需求函数未知时的空间价格均衡问题。在给出与空间价格均衡问题等价的隐式变分不等式后,利用求解变分不等式的预测-校正方法的思想,对所得的模型进行动态化求解,通过对物流配送量与商品价格的数值观察结果对物流配送量进行动态调整,在经过较少次数的迭代后可以得到最优解。最后给出了数值试验的结果。     

多模式交通条件下合理制定旅客票价的优化模型及算法

在本文中,充分考虑了旅客和交通管理部门两方面的利益,提出了一个双层规划模型来描述城市间多种交通方式竞争条件下合理制定旅客票价问题。在此模型中,既保障了旅客使自己的广义出行费用最小,又使得交通管理部门在客运市场的竞争中取得最大的经济效益。然后给出了求解该模型的基于灵敏度分析的启发式算法 (SAB)。最后用一个实际算例说明了该模型及算法的应用。     

合理制定铁路客票价格的优化模型及算法

在充分考虑出行者和铁路客运部门两方面的利益情况下 ,提出一个双层规划模型以得到在多种交通方式竞争条件下的铁路客票价格制定的最优策略 .既保障了出行者使自己的广义出行费用最小 ,又能使铁路客运部门在运输市场竞争中取得的经济效益最大 .并且给出了求解该模型的 SAB算法。最后用一个简单的算例说明了模型及算法的应用     

Inventory‐Based Dynamic Pricing with Costly Price Adjustment

We study an average‐cost stochastic inventory control problem in which the firm can replenish inventory and adjust the price at anytime. We establish the optimality to change the price from low to high in each replenishment cycle as inventory is depleted. With costly price adjustment, scale economies of inventory replenishment are reflected in the cycle time instead of lot size—An increased fixed ordering cost leads to an extended replenishment cycle but does not necessarily increase the order quantity. A reduced marginal cost of ordering calls for an increased order quantity, as well as speeding up product selling within a cycle. We derive useful properties of the profit function that allows for reducing computational complexity of the problem. For systems requiring short replenishment cycles, the optimal solution can be easily computed by applying these properties. For systems requiring long replenishment cycles, we further consider a relaxed problem that is computational tractable. Under this relaxation, the sum of fixed ordering cost and price adjustment cost is equal to (greater than, less than) the total inventory holding cost within a replenishment cycle when the inventory holding cost is linear (convex, concave) in the stock level. Moreover, under the optimal solution, the time‐average profit is the same across all price segments when the inventory holding cost is accounted properly. Through a numerical study, we demonstrate that inventory‐based dynamic pricing can lead to significant profit improvement compared with static pricing and limited price adjustment can yield a benefit that is close to unlimited price adjustment. To be able to enjoy the benefit of dynamic pricing, however, it is important to appropriately choose inventory levels at which the price is revised.     

A continuous approximation method for dynamic pricing problem under costly price modifications

This paper presents a heuristic method to solve a dynamic pricing problem under costly price modifications. This is an extremely difficult nonlinear problem that has been solved only for a few special instances. Here we provide a new approach that involves an approximate reformulation of the problem, which can subsequently be solved in closed-form using elementary calculus techniques. Numerical results show that the approach is quite accurate; approximating the optimal revenue with errors usually much less than 1%. Moreover, the accuracy rapidly improves as the optimal number of price changes increases, which are precisely the cases conventional approaches would fail.     

基于博弈分析的旅行社产品差异化策略研究

本文就当前旅行社恶性价格竞争的问题,建立了差异化模型,用博弈分析的方法定量分析了两个旅行社之间低价竞争的原因。在已有模型的基础上,加入了增值服务这一新变量,建立了其中一个旅行社进行产品差异化的模型,分析了通过提供增值服务的差异化对旅行社之间的组团价格和各自市场需求的影响,根据模型分析的结果得出:存在一个决定旅行社是否进行差异化投资的分界点,可以通过产品差异化避免低价竞争,但要获得收益的增值就必须将差异化效率控制在一定的范围。最后,本文进一步分析了差异化程度对差异化效率的影响。     

内生价格歧视理论:以电信业选择资费为例

本文构建了两子市场和多子市场内生价格歧视简约理论模型.分析了客户转换成本对子市场细分的影响,最终对厂商利润、产出、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响.应用该模型,对电信业的选择资费深度探讨,给出产出和福利增加的原因.     

供应商和销售商拥有部分信息的信息共享

本文研究供应链纵向信息共享。考虑由一个生产商和一个销售商组成的供应链,生产商和供应商都拥有部分市场信息。生产商首先根据自己的信息决定批发价,销售商根据批发价和自己的信息决定零售价。本文利用三阶段主从对策为这一问题建模,证明了双方都不愿意共享信息是唯一的均衡。进一步还证明了不完全确定情形下供应链的利润比完全确定情形下的供应链利润还高。这就说明,如果在决策上没有相应的协调机制,信息共享不能增加供应链的利润。     

A DECISION THEORETIC APPROACH TO PRICING

The problem of price determination and revision is considered as a case of decision making under uncertainty in which profit is to be maximized. Typically price is a simple function of cost which in turn determines the quantity which will be demanded. This paper proposes that maximum profits could be realized in the long run, if a quantity corresponding to the lowest cost per unit of product under the attendant circumstances was fixed and a price established at which demand would exactly equal the fixed quantity. It further suggests a theoretical approach to the determination of this price based on decision theory. The decision theoretic approach considers the set of possible price levels at which demand will equal the fixed quantity of product as the state of nature. The set of acts consist of the establishment of the product price at each of the possible levels. After an initial price is established, empirical information can then be utilized according to some optimal decision rule for subsequent price revisions.     

招标与投标竞争系统决策模型及其应用

招投标理论所研究的首要问题是投标商的投标策略问题,其中最优报价尤为重要。本文利用两种方法-解析法和利润法,解决了独立投标中的最优报价问题。     

制造商相对弱势格局下“主制造商-供应商”双方叫价拍卖灰博弈模型

高技术产品的研制初期,主制造商受系统集成能力弱、缺少市场话语权、与供应商合作关系不稳固等因素的影响,在项目谈判中往往处于弱势地位,尤其在产品定价问题上常常受到供应商的牵制。针对这一问题,引入体现主制造商和供应商定价博弈中贫信息及有限理性的灰系数,构建了"主制造商-供应商"双方叫价拍卖灰博弈模型,揭示价格谈判过程中的博弈关系,并对模型的交易范围进行了讨论;针对主制造商弱势格局下的博弈问题进行了参数设定和系统仿真,分析了主制造商的最优灰报价和可获得的最大效用;最后,根据模型及其仿真结果分别从前期沟通策略、价格谈判策略和长期合作策略的角度提出了主制造商博弈的策略建议。     

WHAT MEASURE OF INFLATION SHOULD A CENTRAL BANK TARGET?

This paper assumes that a central bank commits itself to maintaining an inflation target and then asks what measure of the inflation rate the central bank should use if it wants to maximize economic stability. The paper first formalizes this problem and examines its microeconomic foundations. It then shows how the weight of a sector in the stability price index depends on the sector's characteristics, including size, cyclical sensitivity, sluggishness of price adjustment, and magnitude of sectoral shocks. When a numerical illustration of the problem is calibrated to U.S. data, one tentative conclusion is that a central bank that wants to achieve maximum stability of economic activity should use a price index that gives substantial weight to the level of nominal wages. (JEL: E42, E52, E58)