海运集装箱收益管理舱位动态控制策略研究

文章基于收益管理的思想对不确定环境下集装箱班轮的动态舱位分配问题进行了定量研究.考虑了班轮运输业中的团体预订行为,建立了离散时间、离散状态的随机动态规划模型,并分别对考虑团体需求和不考虑团体需求模型的性质进行了分析,提出了在不考虑团体需求情况下的阈值控制策略并指出了在考虑团体需求情况下该策略不成立的情况,最后,用数值仿真对以上性质和策略进行了验证.     

航空客运舱位控制和超售综合静态建模研究

本文研究航空运输收益管理的舱位控制和超售综合静态建模问题.通过将机票销售过程模拟成排队过程,以收益最大化为目标函数,首先给出了单航段单等级票价下的超售水平公式.然后将该思路推广到多等级票价情况,应用动态规划方法建立了舱位控制和超售综合控制静态模型,在建立了两个定理的基础上,由该模型进一步推导出了各等级舱位最优订座限制的决策方程.最后分析了一个实例以说明决策方程的应用.     

基于需求更新的民航收入管理动态存量控制模型

本文对民航收入管理存量控制研究中具有里程碑意义的EMSR(Expected Marginal Seat Revenue)模型进行了评述,分析其存在的缺陷,提出将销售过程中获取的最新销售信息与需求的历史先验分布相结合,运用二维正态分布下的贝叶斯模型对需求分布进行更新,并将综合考虑新的需求预测、No-Show和取消订票等因素得到的新的需求限制与座位总数C相比较,给出更为通用的、市场反应更为灵敏的民航收入管理动态存量控制模型。     

收入管理理论的研究现状及发展前景

收入管理作为管理科学一个飞速发展的分支,是对服务业中易逝性产品进行管理的有 效工具. 对收入管理理论的三个主要部分———价格策略、存量控制和超订的研究文献加以综 述、评价,介绍收入管理理论最新发展动态及其在中国的研究现状. 强调对于加入WTO 后的中 国服务业,收入管理是一项亟待促进的商业策略.     

浅谈施工企业收入管理的内部控制及其有效性评价

本文在分析施工企业特点的基础上,结合自身实践工作经验,就目前环境下的施工企业收入管理的内部控制及其有效性评价进行了探讨。总结了施工企业收入管理控制要点以及相应的有效性评价方法。对施工企业加强收入管理的内部控制及其有效性评价具有一定的参考意义。     

易逝性高新技术产品在衰退期的收入管理问题

通过对处于衰退期的高新技术产品的分析,指出高新技术产品的易逝性现象,并将收入 管理原则运用于衰退期中高新技术产品的价格策略. 针对此类产品的易逝性和需求的随机 性,提出对价格和生产规模进行综合控制的数学模型并给出求解的方法. 算例表明,使用收入 管理方法可以显著提高销售收入,增加企业经济效益.     

分析房地产价格因素与控制

市场经济体制下房地产行业取得了飞跃式的发展,其不仅给我国社会经济增长带来的强大的推动了,也标志着城市现代化建设步伐的加快。但从另一方面看,房地产价格一路飙升却给社会群众带来了巨大的生活压力,在房价的重压下使得社会生活节奏变得更加快,人们难以承受昂贵的房产价格。本文首先分析了房地产发展现状,并重点研究了导致房价上涨的因素,提出了控制房价的有效策略。     

试论药品＂三统一＂质量和价格的控制

药品的质量和价格是相互对立和统一的关系,人民群众对“看病贵”的呼声越来越高。在药品“三统一”招标采购中,如何达到既保证质量,又降低价格的目的,需要通过科学合理的调节评标规则中质量、价格的分值,来平衡两者的关系。过分强调质量（质量分值过高）,价格可能降不下来,过分强调价格（价格分值过高）,则有忽略质量的倾向,所以必须通过完善药品质量保证体系和健全价格控制措施达到二者的和谐统一。     

论企业对采购价格的管理和控制

加强企业对采购价格的管理和控制可以控制企业的成本费用,提高企业的采购资金的使用效益,促进公平交易,防止采购舞弊等腐败现象的发生。因此加强对采购价格的管理和控制对企业的经营管理有着重要的作用和意义,本文主要从采购管理部门、采购预算、采购组织与实施、合同管理、结算与审核等方面对如何管理和控制企业的采购价格进行阐述。     

浅议物业公司的收入管理方法

随着我国经济的不断发展,我国的物业管理行业也呈现出迅猛发展的强劲势头,国内物业公司的数量与质量都不断提升,面对日益激烈的市场竞争,物业公司想要获得进一步的发展就必须加强企业内部管理,提高管理水平。目前物业管理公司最主要的收入来源是物业管理费,所以加强对收入的准确核算与有效管理,加强内控制度建设,已成为提升企业综合竞争实力的最重要条件。本文从国内物业公司收入管理及会计核算的现状分析入手,探讨如何进一步规范物业公司收入管理及会计核算流程。     

基于收益管理的动态定价研究综述

动态定价作为收益管理的重要手段之一对提高企业收益具有重要作用。本文对收益管理动态定价问题的几个构成要素进行了分析;对国外动态定价基本模型的研究文献进行了简单的评述;重点对动态定价的最新研究热点进行了综述并对其发展前景进行了展望;最后介绍了动态定价在中国的研究现状,旨在推动其在中国的研究与应用。     

集装箱班轮二维收益管理在线动态定价策略

为了在现实约束条件下最大化班轮公司收益,研究了集装箱海运二维收益管理多航段多箱型在线动态定价模型,提出了其最优在线动态定价策略,并且证明了模型价值函数的单调性及其上界.基于降维的思想提出了更为实际的启发式算法.在算例中分析了单航段单箱型、单航段多箱型和多航段多箱型3种情况下的最优动态定价策略,分析结果表明:在单航段单箱型的情况下,最优价格具有单调性;在单航段多箱型和多航段多箱型的情况下,最优价格不一定具有单调性.     

A comparison of fixed and dynamic pricing policies in revenue management

We consider the problem of selling a fixed capacity or inventory of items over a finite selling period. Earlier research has shown that using a properly set fixed price during the selling period is asymptotically optimal as the demand potential and capacity grow large and that dynamic pricing has only a secondary effect on revenues. However, additional revenue improvements through dynamic pricing can be important in practice and need to be further explored. We suggest two simple dynamic heuristics that continuously update prices based on remaining inventory and time in the selling period. The first heuristic is based on approximating the optimal expected revenue function and the second heuristic is based on the solution of the deterministic version of the problem. We show through a numerical study that the revenue impact of using these dynamic pricing heuristics rather than fixed pricing may be substantial. In particular, the first heuristic has a consistent and remarkable performance leading to at most 0.2% gap compared to optimal dynamic pricing. We also show that the benefits of these dynamic pricing heuristics persist under a periodic setting. This is especially true for the first heuristic for which the performance is monotone in the frequency of price changes. We conclude that dynamic pricing should be considered as a more favorable option in practice.     

有限产能下不同搜索模式库存及定价优化决策

考虑供应商存在产能限制时,研究因库存不足或不精确产生的两种市场搜索模式——顾客搜索模式和零售商搜索模式下零售商联合订购和定价决策,并同已有文献中未考虑产能及库存不确定因素的结论进行比较,得出当产能随机因素变化区间足够大时,零售商的定价决策不变,而将增加订购量; 反之,则将降低零售价格． 此外,顾客搜索模式下的最优均衡安全库存和零售价格均高于零售商搜索模式下的最优值． 通过对搜索强度进行敏感性分析,发现在顾客搜索模式下,随着搜索强度的增加最优均衡安全库存、零售价格和销量将同时增加; 而在零售商搜索模式下,只有满足一定条件时上述结论才成立． 最后在模型中引入缺货惩罚成本及运输成本,以扩展模型的适用性．     

基于顾客选择的酒店多房间类型联合定价研究

研究了酒店多个房间类型的客房需求存在相关性的综合定价决策问题． 首先,将所有房间类型按需求是否相关进行归类,并采用Nested Logit选择模型来刻画顾客在多房间类型多价位间的选择行为． 在考虑单天居住申请的情况下,建立了一个随机动态规划模型以描述酒店管理者的动态价格决策过程,并设计了一种求解最优定价策略的算法． 数值模拟结果表明,与不考虑各房间类型的价格决策相互影响时的情形相比,酒店多房间类型综合定价决策能获得更高的总收益和期望客房出租率,并提供更低的平均房价．     

Competitive Pricing in a Multi‐Product Multi‐Attribute Environment

We address the problem of simultaneous pricing of a line of several products, both complementary products and substitutes, with a number of distinct price differentiation classes for each product (e.g., volume discounts, different distribution channels, and customer segments) in both monopolistic and oligopolistic settings. We provide a generic framework to tackle this problem, consider several families of demand models, and focus on a real‐world case‐study example. We propose an iterative relaxation algorithm, and state sufficient conditions for convergence of the algorithm. Using historical sales and price data from a retailer, we apply our solution algorithm to suggest optimal pricing, and report on numerical results.     

Materials receiving capacity and inventory management

This paper analyses the optimal level of materials receiving capacity for a manufacturer that receives deliveries from many suppliers. Inventory levels and inventory carrying costs depend on the frequency of deliveries and thus, on the materials receiving capacity. An analytic model that captures the tradeoff between inventory costs and materials receiving costs is presented and discussed. The receiving cost is modeled as increasing in discrete jumps of varying sizes whenever materials receiving resources are added. Practical issues in implementing the model are highlighted and methods to reduce the marginal materials receiving cost are discussed. The paper also discusses connections to the JIT approach for production environments where materials receiving is heavily automated.     

Quantifying the effectiveness of VMI and integrated inventory management in a supply chain with uncertain lead-times and uncertain demands

This article considers the inventory management problem in a supply chain with uncertain replenishment lead-times and uncertain demands. The optimal integrated inventory management (IIM) policy is developed using stochastic dynamic programming theory. The IIM policy is contrasted with two pull-type vendor-managed inventory policies (VMI-1 and VMI-2) and a traditional retailer-managed inventory policy (RMI). Computational results show that in such stochastic supply chains, IIM performs about 23, 15, and 3% better than the optimised RMI, VMI-1 and VMI-2 policies, respectively, while two VMI policies are about 8 and 20% better than the best RMI. The basestock-based VMI-2 is a very good form of VMI. The ANOVA analysis reveals that the replenishment lead-times have the largest effect on the relative performance between IIM and other policies. Numerical examples demonstrated that the IIM policy has good structural properties and can be characterised by a set of switching curves.     

Dynamic pricing and revenue management process in Internet retailing under uncertainty: An integrated real options approach

Competition and demand volatility often cause modern enterprises to be confronted by uncertain environments. When a firm manages revenue in such competitive and risky environments, the optimization of pricing and capacity allocation, subject to a fixed time and capacity, becomes a complicated problem. Many previous papers concerning revenue management (RM) and pricing require that the firm possesses the ability to know the demand curve (or demand distribution) and set prices on it to maximize profits. However, this assumption may not be the case in some industries. Therefore, this paper focuses on the dynamic lead indicators rather than assumptive lag indicators to establish a concise and flexible decision model for practical use. This paper provides an integrated real options (IRO) approach with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for the auction RM problem under competitive/dynamic pricing and revenue uncertainty in Internet retailing. A numerical example is also presented to illustrate that the IRO approach can generate better decisions than the naı¨ve (or risk unawareness) approach in revenue quality of safety and profitability. The new perspective and approach proposed by this paper can be extended to other RM fields whenever both profitability and risk are critical to decision making.