社会控制与供应链绩效的相互作用关系探讨——以依赖及供应链整合为中介

供应链各节点企业彼此相互依赖,这种依赖关系如何为管理者所利用,并借助适当的关系治理来促进互惠互利的依赖关系的建立,进而提升供应链整体竞争力具有重要的战略意义。本文拟以社会控制机制和依赖为切入点,探讨其与供应链整合和供应链绩效的深层作用机理,并进而运用结构方程模型(SEM)对社会控制、依赖和供应链整合对绩效的作用路径进行实践模拟。实证结果表明,1)社会控制对依赖、供应链整合和供应链绩效有显著的正向促进作用;2)依赖在社会控制对供应链整合的作用关系中起着不完全的中介作用,且间接作用大于直接作用;3)社会控制可以通过依赖、供应链整合及二者的因果关系间接作用于供应链绩效,但是依赖的中介效应最大(44%),依赖和供应链整合的因果关系中介效应次之(37%),整合的中介效应最小(19%);4)规模对社会控制/依赖与供应链整合/供应链绩效的作用关系具有调节效应。     

供应链整合动力、整合能力与权威分布:基于联泰制衣的案例研究

基于对联泰制衣公司四年连续跟踪调查,论文介绍了一个OEM企业的供应链管理案例。通过对联泰制衣公司供应链整合实践的探索性分析,得到企业参与供应链整合的动力、能力以及供应链权威分布之间的互动关系,形成了一个非强势企业供应链整合动态演化的理论模型。案例研究表明:非强势企业可以选择适当的切入点,采取合理措施,在供应链整合过程中逐步增强话语权,在供应链竞争力提升的同时增强自身的供应链地位,形成一个良性的循环。     

Matching Product Architecture and Supply Chain Configuration

In this paper, we examine the suggested link between product architecture (i.e., the extent to which a product is modular vs. integral) and supply chain configuration (i.e., whether the product development is done internally by the manufacturer in an integrated supply chain or in collaboration with a supplier in a decentralized supply chain). Our model suggests that the choice of product architecture depends on firm, market, and product characteristics in addition to supply chain structure. In contrast to other studies, we find that the optimal mapping from architecture to supply chain structure is not always one‐to‐one. A decentralized supply chain may be associated with a more integral product when the technical collaboration penalty is not excessive and suppliers have significantly superior product development capabilities. Furthermore, in a decentralized supply chain, the nature of the relationship between the original equipment manufacturer and its supplier (adversarial or collaborative) plays a role in the choice of product architecture: modular architectures are more likely when the parties have adversarial relationships, while long‐term trust‐based relationships facilitate more integral product architectures.     

The Impact of Costliness,Competitive Importance,and Modularity of Investments on Outsourcing

This study is motivated by examples of outsourcing that are not readily explained by widely established economic theories. We extend recent literature that develops the idea that outsourcing can help firms avoid overinvestment by specifying more precisely the conditions under which this thesis is likely to apply. Our extension is realized through a two‐period game theoretic model in which the outsourcing and in‐house investments are driven by (1) the cost required to develop a product or process module, (2) competitive relevance, defined as the module's share in the production cost or the module's importance to the customer, and (3) modularity, defined as the extent to which generic investments in the module can approach firm‐specific investments in terms of the overall product/process performance. The analysis generates predictions about what types of insourcing, outsourcing, and non‐sourcing behaviors are likely to emerge in different parts of the parameter space. Outsourcing to a more concentrated industry upstream emerges at equilibrium when modularity is high, relevance low to medium, and development cost high enough that none or only a subset of focal firms wants to invest. While firms are forced to insource and overinvest due to a prisoner's dilemma when the development cost is sufficiently high relative to the module's relevance, we do not find outsourcing equilibria that solve this problem in a two‐period game with no commitment. This result implies that some form of tacit coordination in a multi‐period game may be necessary. We conclude the study with a discussion of empirical implications.     

伙伴关系、物流能力与供应链整合关系研究

目前学术界对于影响供应链整合的因素以及这些因素如何影响到供应链整合的研究相对匮乏。本研究以供应链管理为视角,构建了伙伴关系、物流能力和供应链整合之间关系的概念模型。基于来自218家供应链上下游企业的调查数据,采用结构方程模型（SEM）的方法对上述概念模型进行了实证研究。研究结果显示：伙伴关系、物流能力对供应链整合均有显著的正向影响;同时结果显示,伙伴关系对物流能力也具有显著的正向影响,且透过物流能力,伙伴关系对供应链整合的间接影响高于其直接影响。此外研究结果还显示,不同规模及行业企业的伙伴关系和物流能力对供应链整合的作用大不相同。本文不仅为研究伙伴关系对供应链整合的影响路径和作用机理提供了一个新的视角,而且还为我国不同规模及行业企业如何利用伙伴关系和物流能力来提升供应链整合提供了决策的依据。     

复杂供应链网络视域下关系资本对供应链融资作用机制研究--有调节的多重中介效应模型构建与检验

从复杂供应链网络的视角出发,以供应链网络内各节点中小企业为研究对象,依照资源-结构-行为-绩效的思路,揭示供应链网络内中小企业积累的关系资本对提升其供应链融资获取频率的作用机制,并通过构建多群组SEM模型,验证供应链复杂性的潜在调节效应。结果显示:(1)中小企业积累的关系资本对供应链融资频率的提升有显著的促进作用;(2)对比关系资本-供应链设计-供应链融资与关系资本-供应链整合-供应链融资的拟合结果发现,两个特定变量的中介效应具有显著差异,且以供应链设计、整合为连续中介变量的多重链式中介效应模型成立;(3)供应链复杂性显著调节中小企业关系资本对供应链融资的转化机制链条,供应链复杂性越高,节点中小企业获取供应链融资更依赖关系资本-供应链设计-供应链整合-供应链融资的多重链式传导机制传导。这意味着,在复杂供应链网络当中,中小企业一方面需要提升自身关系资本积累,另一方面更要加强其在网络当中的位置优化,提升供应链整合水平,为获取更多供应链融资打下坚实基础。     

基于供应链联盟的知识整合研究

核心能力理论的发展说明通过跨企业知识整合可以增强企业的竞争优势。本文对供应链联盟知识整合的结构框架和特征进行分析,阐述通过专业整合和系统整合把个人知识整合为跨企业结构化知识的过程,并进一步探讨了产品交易、资产属性和路径依赖性等对供应链联盟知识整合的影响。最后本文对丰田公司的供应链联盟———协丰会进行案例分析。     

面向道德风险的易逝品供应链声誉演化研究

易逝品供应链协调问题常见于单期报童问题背景,而实际中供应链成员之间更常见的是多期合作与博弈关系。鉴于此,本论文将易逝品供应链协调问题的研究背景拓展至多期合作情形,在单边道德风险框架下研究制造商声誉的形成与演化过程,发现了易逝品供应链中制造商声誉的演化机制。最后对结论进行了数值分析和验证,并分析了各主要参数的结论的影响。     

可变提前期的易逝品供应链协调

易逝品供应链作为供应链的一个重要分支日益受到关注,已成为现代商业活动中不可或缺的组成部分.在提前期与预测误差呈线性关系,提前期与赶工成本呈分段线性关系的前提下,建立了在分散决策、集中决策两种模式下可变提前期的易逝品供应链库存模型,设计了优化算法并通过数值分析比较了这两种模式下供应链整体及其成员收益的变化.进一步探讨了在合作的分散决策模式下,可变提前期的易逝品供应链实现渠道协调的可行性以及实现渠道协调的条件,并通过数值例子说明了模型的结论.     

具有缺陷产品的双渠道闭环供应链网络均衡

本文研究了供应商向制造商供应原材料,制造商制造的产品(其中部分含有缺陷),通过零售商渠道和电子商务渠道销售给消费者,以满足消费市场需求,同时考虑消费者消费后产生的废旧品经由回收中心处理再到制造商处进行再制造的闭环供应链网络均衡模型。运用变分不等式理论和互补理论,分别刻画了供应市场、制造市场、零售市场、消费市场以及回收中心的最优行为,进而建立了双渠道闭环供应链网络均衡模型。利用变分不等式的对数二次型预测与校正 (LQP-PC)算法,设计了模型求解算法。结合算例分析了双渠道、再制造率和产品缺陷对网络均衡的影响。算例结果表明:当制造商采用电子商务销售渠道时,对传统渠道会造成一定影响;制造商的再制造率增加时,制造商的利润显著增加,供应链的整体利润也有所增加;制造商的产品缺陷率降低时,其自身利润有所增加,而供应链整体利润增加明显。本文的研究结论对未来双渠道闭环供应链网络均衡的研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

供应链集成的新思路:管理界面集成

管理界面作为管理集成的基本问题,可以表示供应链中结点企业间具体的联系方式。通过管理界面集成原理分析,提出了供应链管理界面集成的三种模式,不仅为供应链集成研究提供了新的思路,还为供应链管理的整体哲学思想增添了新的内涵。     

考虑产品质量和利他偏好关切的电商供应链模型研究

考虑产品质量的影响,文章构建了电商供应链的决策模型,包括不考虑关切的分散决策、电商平台利他偏好关切的分散决策和供应链集中决策模型。然后,求解各种模型的最优决策,探讨电商平台的利他偏好行为对供应链决策的影响。接着,结合实际案例阐述电商平台利他偏好的影响,最后,用数值算例对结论进行验证。研究表明：（1）消费者对产品质量重视程度的增加能够大幅度提高制造商、电商平台和供应链整体的利润。（2）分散决策下电商平台的利他偏好能够提高制造商利润,降低自身利润,但对供应链系统利润的影响是先增加后减少;而且当电商平台利他偏好时,分散决策与集中决策下产品售价的大小关系不确定,这与传统供应链中"集中决策下售价最低"的结论不同。（3）电商平台服务水平,制造商销售价格和产品质量随着利他偏好程度的增加而增加,且增加速率一直变快,但是与集中决策下的最优决策存在较大的差距。（4）电商平台的利他偏好行为主要表现为电商平台提升自身的服务水平,虽然有助于供应链的稳定运行,但现实中,电商平台的利他偏好程度一般比较小。文章的研究结论有助于补充完善ECSC的理论基础。     

Product Design and Supply Chain Coordination Under Extended Producer Responsibility

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) legislation focuses on the life‐cycle environmental performance of products and has significant implications for management theory and practice. In this paper, we examine the influence of EPR policy parameters on product design and coordination incentives in a durable product supply chain. We model a manufacturer supplying a remanufacturable product to a customer over multiple periods. The manufacturer invests in two design attributes of the product that impact costs incurred by the supply chain—performance, which affects the environmental impact of the product during use, and remanufacturability, which affects the environmental impact post‐use. Consistent with the goals of EPR policies, the manufacturer and the customer are required to share the environmental costs incurred over the product's life cycle. The customer has a continuing need for the services of the product and optimizes between the costs of product replacement and the costs incurred during use. We demonstrate how charges during use and post‐use can be used as levers to encourage environmentally favorable product design. We analyze the impact of supply chain coordination on design choices and profit and discuss contracts that can be used to achieve coordination, both under symmetric and asymmetric information about customer attributes.     

Distributing a Product Line in a Decentralized Supply Chain

Although there is a rich literature on single product distribution in decentralized supply chains, the incentive problems that arise in distributing a product line have largely not been investigated. In practice, most manufacturers distribute a line of products with different features and qualities and not just a single product. Consider a manufacturer who distributes a product line through competing downstream retailers. In this setting, we investigate how and why the retailers' price and inventory decisions deviate from the centrally optimal decisions. Due to substitution between different product variants, as well as between different retailers, the incentive problems associated with distributing a product line are more complicated than that of distributing a single product. We characterize retailers' incentive distortions under a residual‐claimancy contract, and construct contracts that achieve channel coordination. We show that retail price floors or inventory buybacks, appropriately tailored to each product variant, are among the contracts that can achieve coordination. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate how the optimal contract terms (such as wholesale prices and buyback prices) for each variant are influenced by the parameters of an underlying consumer choice model.     

产品再生系统的供应链管理研究进展

产品再生系统通过对废旧产品的循环再利用减少了最终垃圾的数量,进而减少了对环境的负面影响,由于良好的生态效益和潜在的经济效益,该系统在近几年受到了理论界和企业界的普遍关注.相对于传统系统,产品再生系统涉及到了正向物流与逆向物流活动,其研究范畴更为广泛与复杂.本文主要从供应链管理视角,对产品再生系统的物流网络设计、生产规划、库存控制和信息流管理四个领域的研究成果进行了总结,同时也对未来的研究方向和热点进行了展望.     

基于产品安全责任的供应链激励与竞争策略

从产品安全责任入手,基于批发价格合同,运用博弈论的基本思想,对四种情景中供应链的均衡进行分析："非竞争与非激励协调"、"非竞争与激励协调"、"竞争与非激励协调"和"竞争与激励协调"。结果显示：适度的批发价格合同激励协调措施能够提升制造商履行产品安全责任水平、市场需求量、供应链及其各成员的期望收益,但过度激励会降低市场需求量与分销商的期望收益,进而阻滞供应链总期望收益的增加;竞争将降低市场需求量、供应链及其各成员的期望收益;低度激励时竞争将降低制造商履行产品安全责任水平,高度激励时竞争将提升制造商履行产品安全责任水平;供应链采用批发价格合同激励协调机制能够增强其对外部的竞争能力,但过度竞争将降低制造商履行产品安全责任水平,进而对供应链及其各成员的利益造成损害。研究成果对供应链的产品安全责任管理实践有重要的指导意义。     

需求与回收确定下闭环供应链的竞争与链内协调研究

针对两条分别由单生产商和单零售商组成、零售商负责废品回收的闭环供应链,运用博弈论和均衡理论建立了对应两条闭环供应链均为分散式供应链、均为集中式供应链、一条为分散式供应链一条为集中式供应链的带均衡约束的均衡（EPEC）模型、纳什（Nash）均衡模型和带均衡约束的优化（MPEC）模型,并进行了模型求解。对比三种模式表明：集中式控制是供应链竞争下的占优策略。随后,给出了两条供应链竞争下可协调分散式供应链达到集中式供应链效果的批发价加回收补贴契约。最后的数值算例和敏感性分析表明了模型的合理性、协调契约的有效性、以及相关参数的影响。     

引入整合风险的4PL模式下供应链资源整合优化

在对4PL模式下供应链资源整合运作特征及整合中主导因素及其关系进行简要描述的基础上,围绕对整合决策具有重要影响作用的整合风险进行了分析;提出了引入整合风险的资源整合决策模式,建立了4PL模式下供应链资源整合决策的拓展多目标优化数学模型,搭建了改进的蚁群寻优算法实现该整合决策优化过程的求解。最后通过算例验证了优化过程及算法的有效性与可行性。整合决策优化模型及算法突出体现了4PL的运作优势,突出了从战略高度及系统性角度对供应链整合风险的把握,同时实现了资源整合优化多目标之间的权衡。     

生鲜农产品供应链关系契约稳定性影响研究——以冷链设施补贴模式为视角

基于我国当前生鲜农产品供应链中产品价格、盟员关系不稳定,农户和消费者利益受损的现实,本文通过构建两种供应链组织模式下的利润模型,研究了关系契约对农产品生鲜度及供应链利润的影响,并探讨了其"自我执行"机制;分析不同组织模式下冷链设施补贴模式对关系契约稳定性的影响。研究表明,关系契约在提升农产品生鲜度及供应链利润方面有显著作用,但不能完全保证契约的稳定性;引入冷链设施虽在进一步提高生鲜度及利润方面有明显作用,但不同引入方式对关系契约稳定性影响较大,而选择恰当的冷链设施补贴模式("公司+合作社+农户"组织模式下政府对农业合作社的补贴)可提升农产品生鲜度及农户盈利水平,最终提升生鲜农产品供应链关系契约的稳定性。     

供应链企业间的知识市场及其交易模型研究

本文在达文波特企业内部知识市场理论的基础上,提出供应链企业间也存在知识市场,并对其构成及运作过程进行了分析.然后,以委托代理理论为定量分析工具,考虑了知识出售企业出售知识的积极性、各企业对于知识交易的风险偏好、知识交易的中介成本以及外部环境等影响知识跨企业边界交易的多种因素,构建了供应链企业间知识市场的交易模型.最后.通过对模型结果的分析指出:供应链各节点企业应加强相互信任与合作.优化企业知识体系,建立良好的信息技术基础设施,提高知识市场的交易水平.