信息非对称条件下的质量预防决策分析

研究了不同信息条件下供应链的质量预防问题,在文献[1,2]建立的有关质量签约问题的优化模型基础上,把供应商作为委托人和购买商作为代理人建立了供应链的质量预防决策委托代理模型。其中,质量预防水平和供应商要求购买商的前向支付是供应商的决策变量,质量评价水平是购买商的决策变量。本文重点研究了了非对称信息下供应链的质量预防和前向支付问题,考虑了购买商质量评价信息隐匿情况,运用极大值原理推导了供应商的质量预防和前向支付的最优解。最后结合一个农机公司拖拉机销售问题进行了仿真计算和分析,对比了不同信息环境下的决策结果。     

Supply Chain Sourcing Under Asymmetric Information

We study a supply chain with two suppliers competing over a contract to supply components to a manufacturer. One of the suppliers is a big company for whom the manufacturer's business constitutes a small part of his business. The other supplier is a small company for whom the manufacturer's business constitutes a large portion of his business. We analyze the problem from the perspective of the big supplier and address the following questions: What is the optimal contracting strategy that the big supplier should follow? How does the information about the small supplier's production cost affect the profits and contracting decision? How does the existence of the small supplier affect profits? By studying various information scenarios regarding the small supplier's and the manufacturer's production cost, we show, for example, that the big supplier benefits when the small supplier keeps its production cost private. We quantify the value of information for the big supplier and the manufacturer. We also quantify the cost (value) of the alternative‐sourcing option for the big supplier (the manufacturer). We determine when an alternative‐sourcing option has more impact on profits than information. We conclude with extensions and numerical examples to shed light on how system parameters affect this supply chain.     

供应链协同与信息共享的关联研究

将协同分成管理协同、技术协同与人机协同3类。据此定义了供应链协同,分析了信息共享在不同条件下存在的价值差异,探讨了供应链协同与信息共享的内在关联。研究结果表明,信息共享是供应链协同实现的必要但不充分条件。在某些条件下,信息共享并不能解决供应链中的协同问题,相反还可能增大协同工作量。要避免这种情况发生,提前进行合理的信息共享设计是必须的。     

Supply Chain Strategies and International Tax Arbitrage

What motivates the geographic footprint of the supply chains that multinational firms (MNFs) deploy? Traditional research in the operations and supply chain management literature tends to recommend locations primarily based on differentials in production costs and the ramifications of physical distance ignoring the role of taxation. MNFs that strategically position parts of their supply chains in low‐tax locations can allocate the profits across the divisions to improve post‐tax profits. For the profit allocation to be defensible to tax authorities, the divisional operations must possess real decision authority and bear meaningful risks. Generally speaking, the greater the transfer of risk and control, the larger the allowable allocation of profit. These transfers may also create inefficiencies due to misalignment of business goals and attitudes toward risk. We model these trade‐offs in the context of placing in a low‐tax region a subsidiary that oversees product distribution (as a limited risk distributor commissionnaire, limited risk distributor, or fully fledged distributor). Our analysis demonstrates that the MNF's preferences regarding the operating structures are not necessarily an obvious ordering based on the amount of risk and decision authority transferred to the division in the low‐tax jurisdiction. We derive and analyze threshold values of the performance parameters that describe the main trade‐offs involved in selecting an operating structure. We find some of the optimal decisions to exhibit interesting non‐monotone behavior. For instance, profits can increase when the tax rate in the low‐tax jurisdiction increases. Numerical analysis shows that the Limited‐Risk Distributor structure is rarely optimal and quantifies when each alternative dominates it.     

非对称信息和弹性需求下的供应链激励机制研究

本文针对价格弹性需求和对非对称信息下两级供应链的激励机制问题进行了探讨。运用机制设计理论和博弈论相结合的方法,从集中控制和对称信息两种情况切入,对销售价格的最优解及供应链双方的收益进行分析;在此基础上就销售商成本信息不对称时,供货商激励机制的设计问题做了深入研究,得出具有Pareto改善的次优结果和必要条件。实例仿真验证了结论,讨论了激励机制下供应链各方收益的变化情况,以及该机制对整个系统效率的影响。     

信息共享条件下供应链在线与传统销售渠道协调定价

研究了市场需求信息更新条件下,具有传统和在线销售的供应链双源渠道协调问题。建立了以制造商为主方,零售商为从方的Stackelberg主从对策模型,该模型实质是制造商在线销售价格与零售商传统销售价格之间协调;给出了需求信息共享和非共享两种情况下的供应链最优协调价格策略;分析了需求预测信息对供应链最优协调价格策略及其利润的影响;最后进行了数值计算,探讨了需求信息参数对供应链及其成员利润的影响。结果表明,信息共享下的供应链及其成员利润要高于非信息共享情况,而且,越精确的需求预测将导致更高的利润。     

考虑销售商风险规避的双边信息不对称的供应链协调

非对称信息和风险态度成为影响供应链协调的重要因素,而契约机制设计是实现协调的一种方法。本文在双边成本信息不对称情形下研究供应链契约机制的设计问题。考虑了由一个风险中性的供应商和一个风险规避的销售商组成的二级供应链,供应商和销售商分别拥有私人的生产成本信息和销售成本信息。在分散决策下,供销双方为获得更好的私人利得从而有隐藏信息的动机。为实现信息的真实揭示,文中引入了利他委托人这一概念,从而供应链成为协调主体。借助AGV机制思想,设计了具有激励性质的转移支付,并且基于均值-方差方法建立了非对称信息下的供应链模型。我们发现销售商风规避度在一定范围时,所设计的激励机制能够实现供销双方信息的真实揭示,但并不能完全保证双方的事后非负收益。为解决这一问题,给出一种以期望信息租金比为基础的事后收益分配规则,设计了补偿参数。结合转移支付和补偿参数,提出了一个契约机制。我们发现当销售商风规避度不超过上界k_r时,该机制能真实的揭示信息,并且能够保证供销双方的事后合理的收益分配。此外,当供销双方真实揭示信息时,风险规避度较大的销售商组成的供应链有更低商品交易量和供应链收益。最后,给出数值算例,验证信息揭示的激励有效性并对风险规避度进行敏感性分析。本文的研究将对双边不对称信息下的供应链管理提供一定的理论基础和实践指导。     

基于信任的供应预测信息共享策略

现实中供应不确定是比较普遍的现象,供应预测信息共享对改善供应链绩效起着重要作用。针对由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的单周期供应链,利用斯坦克尔伯格博弈方法研究信任对供应预测信息共享的影响以及回购契约对该供应链的协调作用。研究表明:零售商对制造商的信任影响供应预测信息共享效果,进而影响供应链绩效;制造商说谎的心理负效用系数越大,越倾向于说真话;回购契约可以促进制造商共享真实供应预测信息;当制造商说谎的心理负效用系数较大时,存在一个最佳的回购价格,使供应链实现完美协调。     

供应链中基于Stackelberg博弈的信息共享协调问题研究

基于需求信息的不确定情况,本文对由一个供应商和一个销售商组成的两层供应链系统进行了研究,分析了搜集不确定需求信息的条件,回答了什么条件下销售商与供应商共享这种不确定的需求信息等,为管理者进行供应链实践提供了一些有益的帮助。     

Supply Contract Design for Competing Heterogeneous Suppliers under Asymmetric Information

This study considers a supply chain with two heterogeneous suppliers and a common retailer whose type is either low‐volume or high‐volume. The retailer's type is unknown to the suppliers. The flexible supplier has a high variable cost and a low fixed cost, while the efficient supplier has a low variable cost and a high fixed cost. Each supplier offers the retailer a menu of contracts. The retailer chooses the contract that maximizes its expected profit. For this setting, we characterize the equilibrium contract menus offered by the suppliers to the retailer. We find that the equilibrium contract menus depend on which supplier–retailer match can generate the highest supply chain profit and on how much information rent the supplier may need to pay. An important feature of the equilibrium contract menus is that the contract assigned to the more profitable retailer will coordinate the supply chain, while the contract assigned to the less profitable retailer may not. In addition, in some circumstances, the flexible supplier may choose not to serve the high‐volume retailer, in order to avoid excessive information rent.     

信息不对称条件下可控提前期供应链协调机制研究

探讨了信息不对称条件下提前期可以通过额外的赶工成本来加以控制的两级供应链协调问题。分别建立了分散决策和集中决策情形下的可控提前期供应链库存优化模型,并在充分考虑各参与方个体理性的基础上,探讨了分销商库存信息不对称情形下的供应链协调机制。最后通过数值分析证明该协调机制既能诱使分销商申报真实的库存持有成本信息,又能够在供应链合作双方成本均有改进的基础上,达到供应链系统的最优。     

非对称信息下闭环供应链回购契约应对突发事件策略研究

研究了非对称信息下一个制造商和一个零售商组成的两级闭环供应链在回购契约下的协调问题。在考虑零售商销售成本信息为非对称信息和随机性市场需求基础上,首先,分析了在正常状态下分散式系统决策情况,通过重新设计可变参数解决了信息不对称的问题,实现了回购契约下的信息共享和供应链的完美协调;然后,探讨了闭环供应链回购契约应对突发事件的协调问题。研究结果表明：当突发事件造成市场规模和制造商生产成本同时扰动时,闭环供应链的销售活动将受影响,闭环供应链的协调将被打破,而闭环供应链的废旧品回收活动却不受突发事件的影响。为此,给出了闭环供应链回购契约的应急决策。最后通过数值算例验证了结论。     

具有两阶段生产模式和需求信息更新的供应链契约研究

针对二级供应链,在基于Stackelberg博弈的批发价契约中,分析了折扣价格与零售商最优提前订购量的关系及对契约双方期望收益的影响;设计了价格折扣与回购联合的协调契约,分析了供应链系统的最优提前生产量、供应链协调条件及协调契约下制造商和零售商的期望收益变化,并在协调契约不满足制造商的个体理性约束时,提出采用不对称Nash谈判模型设计两阶段生产与订购的回购契约,在保证供应链系统整体绩效最优的条件下,使制造商和零售商利润都能得到满意增长。研究表明,三级供应链实行两阶段订购的必要条件是分销商与零售商的最优提前订购量相等,与二级供应链相比,价格折扣契约下三级供应链效率更低,但价格折扣与回购联合的契约同样能协调三级供应链,该协调契约满足零售商与分销商激励相容约束。     

绿色供应链中不对称需求预测下的信息共享研究

研究了由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的绿色供应链和他们的需求预测信息共享问题。考虑了两种方案：订货型生产方案和库存型生产方案，两种方案下分别考虑了无信息共享和信息共享两种情况。分析了预测信息对两种方案下制造商利润、零售商利润和信息共享价值的影响，同时研究了绿色成本系数对信息共享的影响。研究表明，两种方案中制造商始终能从信息共享中获利，而零售商只有在制造商绿色成本系数较低时才会自愿共享预测信息。当绿色成本系数较高时，制造商可以通过一个讨价还价合同，促进零售商进行信息共享。当绿色成本系数很高时，供应链成员之间不存在信息共享。此外，库存型生产方案中信息共享带来的总收益增量要高于订货型生产方案，因此，库存型生产方案中参与者信息共享的可能性要高于订货型生产方案。     

网络外部性对双渠道供应链信息分享的影响

研究了网络外部性对双渠道供应链信息分享的影响。分别建立了存在网络外部性和不存在网络外部性下的双渠道供应链模型,通过比较零售商信息分享和不分享下其与制造商的期望利润。研究发现：当未考虑产品的网络外部性时,零售商不与制造商分享其市场需求信息,与已有研究一致。当考虑了产品网络外部性且网络外部性较小时,零售商仍不与制造商分享市场需求信息;然而,当网络外部性较大时,零售商与制造商分享其市场需求信息。此外,零售商与制造商共享其市场需求信息有助于增加制造商和供应链利润。     

碳配额交易政策下基于收益共享契约的两阶段供应链协调

历史强度下降法分配碳配额随时间和产量变化而变化,产品生产成本、销售价格等参数随之发生变化,碳配额交易政策下实现两阶段供应链协调成为制造企业亟需解决的问题。根据产品更新换代速度加快、生命周期越来越短的市场特性及碳配额阶梯状降低的特点,将产品销售周期分为两个阶段,通过构建两阶段的集中式决策系统模型和收益共享契约下分散式决策系统模型,分析碳配额交易政策下供应链最优订购量决策和最优碳减排决策,证明收益共享契约可以通过调整零售商的订购量达到集中决策下的最优订购量实现两阶段供应链协调,设置较低的收益共享契约参数将会更有利于制造商降低批发价格,主动进行碳减排投入。算例分析验证结论有效性,并发现供应链企业间设置较低的收益共享比例更有利于企业减排;企业碳减排决策应考虑未来减排投入成本,在保证供应链效益的基础上尽可能多地在前期进行减排投入;历史强度下降法有利于促使企业主动减排,政府制定碳配额下降幅度越大越有利于企业减排。     

需求不确定下两阶段应用服务供应链市场风险分担机制研究

针对应用服务提供商(ASP)与独立软件开发商(ISV)组成的两阶段应用服务供应链面临需求不确定与服务竞争引发的市场风险问题,建立了随机需求下的Stackelberg博弈模型,研究了ASP承担风险与ISV承担风险两种市场风险分担机制。研究结果表明,当由ISV承担风险时,ASP将向ISV定购其所分配服务需求的上限;ASP承担风险时,ISV将向ASP提供一个软件许可销售计划,并通过提高软件开发质量及维护升级服务水平来提高ASP订购软件许可的积极性;ASP作为盟主的风险分担机制较ISV作为盟主的风险分担机制对应用服务供应链的协调效果好。     

The Impact of Information Sharing and Advance Order Information on a Supply Chain with Balanced Ordering

This paper considers a supply chain with one supplier and multiple retailers that face exogenous heterogeneous end‐customer demands, where all parties utilize base‐stock policies. Each retailer is restricted to order once in every order cycle and their orders are replenished in a balanced manner within the cycle. Our study investigates the impact of information sharing and advance order information (AOI) on the supply chain. We find that the supplier benefits from the two mechanisms via two important factors, the information about observed end‐customer demands and the decision on re‐establishing the replenishment sequence. We derive the supplier's optimal sequence for stochastically comparable end‐customer demands with AOI and propose a sequencing rule for the setting with information sharing. Our numerical study examines the cost impacts of two proposed mechanisms on the entire supply chain.     

供应链、逆向供应链系统的定价策略模型

本文对基于单一制造商和单一零售商构成的供应链、逆向供应链系统进行了研究,应用博弈理论对供应链、逆向供应链系统的定价策略进行了分析,分别得出非合作博弈的均衡解和合作博弈的均衡解,进一步对各种定价策略的效率进行了分析.另外,给出了便于实际操作的协调方法.     

The Impact of Contracts and Competition on Upstream Innovation in a Supply Chain

We consider a supply chain with an upstream supplier who invests in innovation and a downstream manufacturer who sells to consumers. We study the impact of supply chain contracts with endogenous upstream innovation, focusing on three different contract scenarios: (i) a wholesale price contract, (ii) a quality‐dependent wholesale price contract, and (iii) a revenue‐sharing contract. We confirm that the revenue‐sharing contract can coordinate supply chain decisions including the innovation investment, whereas the other two contracts may result in underinvestment in innovation. However, the downstream manufacturer does not always prefer the revenue‐sharing contract; the manufacturer's profit can be higher with a quality‐dependent wholesale price contract than with a revenue‐sharing contract, specifically when the upstream supplier's innovation cost is low. We then extend our model to incorporate upstream competition between suppliers. By inviting upstream competition, with the wholesale price contract, the manufacturer can increase his profit substantially. Furthermore, under upstream competition, the revenue‐sharing contract coordinates the supply chain, and results in an optimal contract form for the manufacturer when suppliers are symmetric. We also analyze the case of complementary components suppliers, and show that most of our results are robust.