第五届亚太生殖健康大会

为推动开罗国际人口与发展大会《行动纲领》及“千年发展目标”在亚太区域如期实现,2009年10月18-20日,由中国国家人口计生委、中国计划生育协会、中国人口学会、国际计划生育联合会、联合国人口基金、人口与发展南南合作伙伴组织等共同举办的第五届亚太生殖健康大会在北京召开。     

关于新时期人口计生队伍职业化建设的若干理论思考

1994年，开罗国际人口与发展大会通过了《国际人口与发展大会行动纲领》，创造性地指出人口问题是一个综合问题，人口要适应可持续发展的要求。自此之后，中国积极接受先进发展理念，尊重公民生育权利，在生殖健康、出生性别比失调综合治理、优质服务、提高人口素质等方面做出了积极且有效的努力。新世纪我国人口与发展形势发生了深刻变化，人口要素之间相互交织，人口与发展各种问题更加复杂，虽然低生育水平继续稳定，     

人发大会以来中国成就

1994年开罗国际人发大会以来，中国认真履行对国际人发大会《行动纲领》和“千年发展目标”的承诺，统筹解决人口问题，在人口和计划生育及生殖健康领域取得可喜进步，并促进了经济社会的全面、协调和可持续发展，促进了人民健康水平和生活质量的提高。     

坚持改革开放 开创人口和计划生育国际合作的新局面

2008年是很不平凡的一年,也是改革开放30周年。作为世界第一人口大国,中国从70年代实行计划生育以来,有效地控制了人口过快增长,取得了举世瞩目的成绩,不仅促进了中国社会经济的全面发展,也为稳定世界人口做出了积极的贡献,在世界上逐步树立起最真诚、最有效贯彻落实国际人发大会行动纲领和千年发展目标负责任的人口大国的良好国际形象。     

第五届亚太生殖与性健康及权利大会《北京行动宣言》

背景 世界四分之一以上的人是在1994年国际人口与发展大会以后出生的。然而即使在今天，连这些人都还没有充分享受到179个国家在国际人发大会上所承诺的服务和权利。许多青少年仍然对自己的生殖权利与性权利一无所知。     

“中国、日本、韩国人口与发展国际学术会议”综述

当前,人口变动与发展成为一个令人关注的重要问题,需要我们认真研究。本次中国、日本、韩国人口与发展国际学术会议,就各国的生育水平、生育文化、人口政策、老龄化等问题交流学术观点,这对于加强各国学者之间的交流与合作,具有重要的现实意义。     

21世纪全球人口与发展

人类带着其 60亿人口 ,已经进入了 2 1世纪。在刚刚跨入的新世纪里 ,全球人口将继续保持增长 ,国际经济将日益全球化 ,区域经济合作将不断发展。全球仍然面临严峻的人口问题 ,而人口与发展 ,仍然是人类在 2 1世纪所面对的严峻而重大的挑战     

经济增长与人口发展因素相关性研究——基于人口发展方程的构造

本文从人口经济活动、人口总量、人口结构、人口素质和人口再生产等方面,通过构建人口发展方程,分析了人口发展与经济增长之间的关系．研究结论表明我国的经济增长与人口发展之间从长期看具有稳定的互动关系,短期内两者之间存在动态均衡机制。在国家人口发展战略提出坚持以人为本,推进体制创新,实现人口大国向人力资本强国的转变等要求下,当前平衡出生人口性别比,进一步控制人口自然增长率,提升人力资本价值,具有重要的现实意义。     

青年生殖健康咨询服务存在的问题及其对策思考——以中国计生机构服务为例

一、问题的提出1994年国际人口与发展大会首次将青年生殖健康确定为人口与发展优先关注的领域之一,要求各国有效地关注他们的生殖和性健康的需求。此后,生殖权利与生殖健康国际理念逐渐纳入政府和社区支持的计划生育政策之中。1995年国家计划生育委员会《中国计划生育工作纲要（1995—2000年）》,指出应积极推行孕前服务,对育龄人群实行分类指导,把避孕节育技术措施落实在妇女怀孕之前,努力减少意外妊娠,为群众提供优生优育的技术咨询和服务。     

中国人口发展监测评价模型研究——基于全国31个省份人口发展的实证分析

作者结合中国国情,探索与构建了人口发展监测指标体系和评价模型,并引入1997～2005年全国31个省份人口发展相关指标的时间序列数据和截面数据,对人口监测评价模型进行了实证检验。在此基础上,对全国31个省份人口发展过程中影响较大的人口发展监测指标和区域人口发展综合水平存在的规律性差异进行了分析。研究结果表明,平均预期寿命、二三产业人口比等指标对人口发展的影响作用显著,而且人口发展综合水平总体上呈现东、中、西逐渐下降的状况,体现了与经济社会发展、地理自然环境的密切关系。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.