A survey of Indian immigration to British tropical colonies to 1910

After the abolition of slavery in British colonies in 1834, many thousand labourers left India under indenture for employment on colonial plantations. Their efforts resulted in a striking rise in exports of plantation products. At the end of their indenture, many Indians decided to settle in their new home, especially in British Guiana, Trinidad, Mauritius and Fiji.

The paper discusses the districts in India from which labourers were recruited ; the conditions of service under the indenture system, and its advantages and abuses. It discusses the opportunities open to the Indian labourer at the end of his indenture, and the facilities which the government or the planters provided for his settlement on the land. Those who did not settle on the land turned to the professions or trades, often with success.

The paper discusses the attitude of the “communities of reception” to the Indian during and after indenture, and his adjustment to a multi-racial society. It analyses his change in outlook as a result of emigration, the increase in his ambition and initiative, and his transition from submissiveness to independence.     

人口与环境关系的历史演进

从人口生态学角度来看人类发展的历史,就是人口与环境相互作用的历史。本文从人类社会发展的几个主要阶段,简述了自人类诞生以来人口与环境关系的历史演变,阐明了人口发展必须与资源的合理利用和环境保护相协调。     

Quality and the 2010 Census

The U.S. Census Bureau has a long tradition of evaluating the results of its censuses. This paper presents evaluation results from the 2010 Census, comparing them to earlier results. The paper discusses net coverage at the national and state level, as well as by age, sex, race, and ethnic group. It discusses components of error, including estimated number missed and counted in error. It also presents data on whole-person and item imputation.     

Population growth in the 1990s: Patterns within the United States 1

Census 2000 counted 281.4 million people in the UnitedStates, up 13.2 percentfrom the 1990 Census population of 248.7 million and thehighest percent increasefor the nation since the 1960s. Population growth in the1990s was not only higherthan in recent decades, it was also more geographicallywidespread, with more states,counties, and cities experiencing population gains.This paper examines populationgrowth during the 1990s for a variety of geographiclevels, including regions, divisions,states, metropolitan areas, counties and large cities.It then compares growth rates forthe 1990s with earlier decades to provide a historicalcontext to present-day trends inpopulation growth and decline. Finally, it discusses howdifferential population growthin recent decades has resulted in a new form of populationdistribution in the US.     

The measurement of historical trends in fetal mortality in England and Wales

This paper critically discusses recent attempts to estimate long-term trends in the stillbirth rate for England and Wales. It assesses the available historical evidence for the level of late-fetal mortality, drawing especially on examples from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. A theoretical fetal-infant life table for a high-mortality population is also outlined as a means of analysing the relationship between segments of the conception-to-first-birthday mortality curve. Finally, new estimates of the stillbirth rate for England and Wales are proposed, based on variations in the early neonatal and maternal mortality rates during the 1930s. These estimates are substantially lower than the earlier estimates and are more in keeping with the available evidence from northern Europe. The implications of the revised estimates for interpretations of historical changes in mortality patterns are also considered.     

The measurement of historical trends in fetal mortality in England and Wales

This paper critically discusses recent attempts to estimate long-term trends in the stillbirth rate for England and Wales. It assesses the available historical evidence for the level of late-fetal mortality, drawing especially on examples from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. A theoretical fetal–infant life table for a high-mortality population is also outlined as a means of analysing the relationship between segments of the conception-to-first-birthday mortality curve. Finally, new estimates of the stillbirth rate for England and Wales are proposed, based on variations in the early neonatal and maternal mortality rates during the 1930s. These estimates are substantially lower than the earlier estimates and are more in keeping with the available evidence from northern Europe. The implications of the revised estimates for interpretations of historical changes in mortality patterns are also considered.     

WHO on Health and Sustainable Development

Ten years after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the “Earth Summit,” held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, the United Nations will convene another summit of world governments and other major actors to assess global change during the last decade. The meeting will be held in Johannesburg, 2–11 September 2002. One of the reports prepared for the 30 April–2 May 2001 session of the preparatory committee for the Johannesburg meeting discusses developments in global health. The report, prepared by the World Health Organization with “contributions from other United Nations agencies and international organizations” and formally presented as a Report of the Secretary‐General (E/CN. 17/2001 /PC/6), is reproduced below in full. It notes some of the remarkable gains in health during the past decade and, in greater detail, enumerates the major problem areas and outlines future trends and challenges. The document is available at « http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/health.htm#doc ».     

About the methods of measuring "the only-child rate."]

The author discusses alternative methods used to measure the only-child rate in China. It is concluded that a standardized method needs to be adopted, particularly since many organizations are unclear about how to calculate this rate.     

郊区化过程中上海城市空间结构转型及其影响分析

本文根据区县一级的城市建设与人口等相关统计数据,总结近10年来上海城市功能和人口郊区迁移的主要特征,分析其对城市空间结构转型和郊区发展的影响,解剖存在的主要问题,并从城市功能布局合理化和促进郊区发展出发,从加强土地开发管理,加强城镇规划和郊区基础设施建设,引导商业办公设施郊区分散等三方面提出对策建议。     

中国生命表中终寿年成数的经验估计

本文讨论了终寿年成数的意义和它的一般特征 ,提出了确定终寿年成数的精确方法 ,计算了中国生命表中终寿年成数的经验值     

加强职业教育 缓解就业压力——对甘肃职业教育发展的思考

本文立足于目前甘肃省职业教育的现状,探讨了改革职业教育体系,发展职业教育的必要性,进一步加强技术能力培训,缓解就业压力,促进农村剩余劳动力的转移。     

医疗保险个人账户现状与完善探讨

个人账户直接影响着医疗保险制度改革顺利、平稳运行和制度可持续发展,对保障人民群众健康保险需求,有着不可忽视的作用。本文通过对我国现行医疗保险制度模式选择下个人账户运行的分析,探讨了医疗保险个人账户的现状、面临的问题及原因,分析个人账户目前运行的情况,对个人账户在现行模式和管理制度下,能否实现其费用控制和纵向积累进行了分析和思考。认为只要加强个人对自己未来健康的责任,定位好个人账户的政策功能,并制定科学合理的个人账户积累管理办法,采取积极的激励措施,个人账户积累是可以实现的,从而可以使个人账户发挥更大的作用。     

人力资本存量对我国劳动者收入分层的影响

本文利用社会分层理论和人力资本理论探讨了我国人力资本存量对劳动者收入分层的影响 ,分析了建国 50年来 ,在不同历史阶段人力资本存量对劳动者收入分层影响所表现出的不同特征 ,提出了市场经济改革是提高人力资本收益率的根本途径     

珠三角农业流动人口中的“代耕农”:困境、问题与破解

"代耕农"是珠三角地区城镇化进程中农业人口流动所形成的一个特殊群体,并逐渐对社会稳定产生影响。本文就"代耕农"产生的背景、发展过程、历史贡献及困境、社会影响等问题进行论述,并分析解决"代耕农"问题的必要性,进而提出破解思路。     

Using nineteenth century census results: the Colombian censuses of 1835, 1843, and 1851

The author discusses three of the six national censuses taken during the ninteenth century in Colombia--those for 1835, 1843, and 1851. The focus is on the importance of macro patterns generated by the data, the methods recommended to overcome the problems of the censuses, and ways to make the information useful for historical demography.     

构筑有利于城乡统筹发展的制度支持系统

城乡统筹发展离不开制度环境的支持,本文首先对中国现有的户籍制度、就业制度、农村土地承包制度和社会保障制度进行简要的评述,分析了这些制度中妨碍我国城乡统筹发展的不利因素,并在文章最后针对性的提出了一些有利于城乡统筹发展的制度创新方面的建议和思考。     

在社区层面构建和持续发展指标体系探讨

本文探讨在社区层面架构可持续发展指标体系的理论方法，着意从理性思维角度人手，强调从社区层面创建可持续发展指标体系的原因和价值，提出自下而上的方法，充分体现和调动社区成员对可持续发展的兴趣和参与，这是一种适应社区可持续发展内在要求的方法论的探索，也许能缩小目前对可持续发展理论和概念的认可和实施操作之间的差距。同时，还进行了案例的实际分析。     

职业性别隔离的测度

职业性别隔离是一个长期存在于劳动力市场的复杂现象,对就业和工资水平产生了重要的影响。文章对职业性别隔离测度的主要方法进行了梳理,介绍了统计描述方法的作用及具体指标,重点讨论了4种主要总和指数的应用方法和使用范围。文章认为,统计描述方法虽然简单,但对了解职业规模、劳动力市场性别比例及垂直隔离状况具有重要作用,是重要的测度方法之一。对于总和指数方法,应根据研究目的,对不同指数的可信度进行区分。     

论可持续发展要求下的人与人公平

本文从社会伦理和实践行为两个方面 ,探讨了人与人公平的基本原理和行为标度 ,提出了衡量社会公平的理论模型和实践准则。旨在通过和谐人与人之间的相依关系 ,以保障人类社会的可持续发展。