Child health

In "Child Health," Lorraine V. Klerman, a professor at Brandeis University's Heller School for Social Policy and Management, describes the difficulty of measuring welfare reform's impact on children's physical and mental health by using existing data sources and suggests additional approaches to consider. She relies on the following data sources: the Behavior and Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); the Current Population Survey (CPS); the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS); the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES); the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS); the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (NHSDA); the National Immunization Survey; the State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey (SLAITS); the VSCP; and the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS).     

Cohabitation and child Well-Being

In “Cohabitation and Child Well-Being,” Wendy D. Manning, an associate professor in Bowling Green State University's Department of Sociology, summarizes what is known about cohabitation and its effects on children. She describes how some people view “cohabiting-couple” households (that is, unmarried couples cohabiting with a biological child of at least one of the adults) as a two-parent family form and that one of the major goals of the 1996 welfare reform law was to encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families. The main sources of data she uses are the Current Population Survey (CPS), the Decennial Census, the Survey of Income and Program Participation, the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), and the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG).     

Mothers' work and child care

In “Mothers' Work and Child Care,” Julia B. Isaacs, director of the Division of Data and Technical Analysis of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Planning, She describes the strengths and weakness of the child care data in the main national surveys. Isaacs also examines the main data sources that HHS uses to measure the availability and quality of child care for low-income families: the Current Population Survey (CPS); the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); the National Household Education Survey (NHES); the National Survey of America's Families (NSAF); state administrative data collected by the federal government that include aggregate numbers of children receiving subsidies as well as some of the characteristics of those subsidies, such as type of provider and age of child; and state studies of those who have left the welfare rolls (leaver studies).     

Drug use

In “Drug Use,” Peter Reuter, a professor at the University of Maryland School of Public Affairs and Department of Criminology, examines substance abuse and addiction among welfare and low-income mothers. He describes the changing patterns of drug use in the general population. Reuter explains that drug use increased rapidly in the late 1970s, declined in the 1980s, and remained relatively flat in the 1990s. The patterns, however, are driven largely by changes in marijuana use. The pattern of frequent use of more dangerous drugs, such as cocaine, is somewhat different. The heavy use of cocaine—especially crack cocaine—peaked during the late 1980s. By the early 1990s, the number of new addicts had fallen dramatically, although not many heavy users discontinued their use. As a result, the stock of frequent users held constant through much of the 1990s and only recently began to decline as more users discontinued their use or died. His main data sources are the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), Monitoring the Future (MTF), and the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (NHSDA).     

Family and Child Welfare Reconsidered

In the issue's final essay, Douglas J. Besharov and Peter H. Rossi summarize the major findings of this issue. The main sources of data they discuss, besides the essays in this issue, are the Current Population Survey (CPS), the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), the National Survey of America's Families (NSAF), the Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), the Project on Devolution and Urban Change (UC), and the Child Impact Waiver Experiments.     

Nutrition,food security,and obesity

In “Nutrition, Food Security, and Obesity,” Harold S. Beebout, a senior fellow at Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., and chief information officer at the Child and Family Services Agency, District of Columbia, reviews what is known about nutrition, food security, and obesity. He relies on the following data sources: the Continuing Survey of Food Intake for Individuals (CSFII), the CPS, the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), and state administrative data reported to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Beebout first examines the forces behind the dramatic decline in food stamp rolls, which dropped by 9.1 million (35 percent) between August 1995 and July 2000. He describes how the welfare reform law (PRWORA) restricted eligibility, particularly for able-bodied adults who have no children and who work less than twenty hours per week. He adds that many legal immigrants were disqualified under the legislation as well. But, he notes, these changes explain only about 20 percent of the food stamp decline. Most of the decline occurred among households with children, many of which still appear to be eligible for benefits.     

Assessing Welfare Reform's Impact

In this essay Peter H. Rossi describes the four major research projects assessing welfare reform, programs that account for more than half the spending in the area: the Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), the National Survey of America's Families (NSAF), the Project on Devolution and Urban Change (UC), and the Child Impact Waiver experiments being funded by the federal government. He concludes that these studies cannot provide a reliable assessment of welfare reform's impact on children and families because it is too late to construct a valid control or comparison group with which to measure the "counterfactual," or what would have happened in the absence of welfare reform.     

教师虐童行为的法律探讨

分析教师虐童行为的含义、分类和影响,对我国教师虐童行为防治的立法现状进行梳理,指出其中存在的问题。考察其它国家和地区的经验,进而提出完善我国防治教师虐童行为法律体系的合理化建议。     

Crime and juvenile delinquency

In “Crime and Juvenile Delinquency,” Lawrence W. Sherman, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s Department of Sociology, describes how changes in criminal and other dysfunctional behaviors could be measured. He relies on data from the National Crime Victimization Survey and the Uniform Crime Reporting System. Sherman describes how criminal behavior tends to be concentrated in inner-city neighborhoods. He contends that “it is misleading to compare homicide rates across cities or to look at national homicide rates without disaggregating them by the factors that are most strongly correlated with their existence.” Although individual characteristics, such as age, race, and income, are important, he notes that “the effects of those characteristics are magnified by location and space.”     

国家创新系统的耗散结构特征分析

文章通过对耗散结构理论和国家创新系统的理论分析 ,提出了国家创新系统耗散和国家创新系统耗散结构的概念 ,认为国家创新系统具有某些耗散结构的特性 :开放性是国家创新系统形成和发展的基石 ;非平衡性是国家创新系统走向有序的源泉 ;非线性是国家创新系统自我成长和完善的关键 ;随机性涨落是国家创新系统达到有序状态的直接诱因     

试论“虐俘”行为的国际责任

伊拉克战争以后,战俘的待遇及虐待战俘的国际责任问题成为了国际社会和国际法广泛关注的热点问题。虐待战俘行为既构成行为人及其指挥者的战争罪行,也应构成国家的极其严重的国际不法行为,因此,“虐俘”行为既产生直接行为人及其指挥者的国际刑事责任,也产生了国家的严重的国际责任。作为战俘的国籍国,可以通过外交或司法途径要求战俘的控制国承担其国际责任,也可通过国际刑事法院或国内法院追究直接行为人及其指挥者的国际刑事责任。     

法律治理技术视角下的司法考试制度

借用社会阐释学方法,以司法改革和政治文明建设为背景,文章从法律治理技术的角度审视了我国的司法考试制度。指出,司法考试制度必须置于国家治理方式转变的过程中才能够得到更好的理解;法律专业化、法律共同体、法律治理化和政治文明化,是我国司法考试制度在逻辑上所承载的价值导向,其集中体现了围绕着人的素质构成问题的法律治理技术在我国的运用和展开;司法考试制度预期目标的实现最终依赖于一系列配套制度的相互作用。     

论胡汉民与国民政府公务员惩戒制度

胡汉民是南京国民政府训政体制的主要制定者,他在国民政府惩戒制度制定中力图糅合中西政制,确立了公务员惩戒制度的党治原则、监察与惩戒分属制度,引入了现代法治的一些基本规范,使国民政府惩戒制度最终成为一个充满矛盾的制度,但使中国政治朝现代化迈进了一步。     

论国家创新体系建设中的知识产权保护

国家创新体系是由与知识创新和技术创新相关的机构和组织构成的网络系统,主要包括知识创新系统、技术创新系统、知识传播系统和知识应用系统。知识产权保护贯串于知识创新、技术创新、知识传播和知识应用过程的始终,也就是说知识产权制度是国家创新体系建设成功的重要法律保证。因此,在国家创新体系建设过程中,必须强化知识产权保护。     

新日本地方自治制度之下的国家干预诉讼研究

本文对日本地方自治法的熟读、研讨、分析和总结的基础上，从行政法基本理论的要求与高度，论述日本现行最新的国家干预诉讼制度的理论和实践。文章通过对日本国家干预诉讼制度的思考，以期对我国行政法相关制度的建立有所帮助。     

世界新军事变革与国民经济动员

新军事变革是当今世界不可阻挡的潮流,信息技术在军事领域的广泛运用,是世界新军事变革的灵魂。国民经济动员要迎接世界新军事变革挑战,借鉴美军后勤革命的做法,加快国民经济动员信息化建设,把科技动员作为现代国民经济动员的战略重点,构建军民一体的国防动员体系与运作机制,搞好经济动员预案和保障力量建设,军民结合,寓军于民,做好军事斗争国民经济动员的各项准备工作。     

人大代表专职制：实现人民当家作主的现实路径——兼论罗江县“人大代表专职制”改革经验

人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度,是人民当家作主的重要途径和最高实现形式。人民代表大会制度施行以来,为实现人民当家作主发挥了重要作用,但是还存在一些弊端。而实行人大代表专职制度则能更好的发挥人民代表大会制度的优势。结合罗江县人大代表制度改革的经验,更好的解决推行人大代表专职制所面临的问题。     

美国国民银行体系诸弊窦阐析

1864年,美国国会通过了《国民银行法》,随后建立了国民银行体系.从此联邦政府转而对货币银行体系实行有限度的控制.但国民银行体系的制度安排有着明显的缺陷,诸如准备金分散、通货无弹性、落后的商业票据市场和无统一有效支票清算机制等.这些弊端的存在,破坏了货币银行体系的稳定,阻碍了国内经济的发展和美国国际经济地位的提升,也是导致联邦储备体系确立的直接原因.     

南京国民政府的文官监察制度对当今中国监察制度建设的启示

南京国民政府时期的文官监察制度在一定程度上对整顿文官秩序、惩治文官腐化起到了一定的作用,但由于当时客观的政治环境和制度本身的缺陷,这时期的文官监察制度所起的作用是非常有限的。内部的腐化最终导致国民党丧失了政权。南京国民政府的文官监察制度对当今中国的监察制度建设留下了重要的借鉴和启示。     

What explains race and gender differences in the relationship between obesity and wages?

Previous research has consistently found strong race and gender differences in the correlation between obesity and wages. This paper tests four possible explanations for these differences: (1) there is voluntary sorting of the obese into jobs with better health benefits at the expense of lower wages, that differs by gender and race/ethnicity; (2) weight affects self-esteem or depression in a manner that varies by gender and race/ethnicity; (3) weight affects physical health and disability in a manner that varies by gender and race/ethnicity; (4) there is weight-based discrimination in employment that differs by gender and race/ethnicity. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data for 1981–2000, this paper finds evidence consistent with the physical health and disability hypothesis, but little evidence to support the other three hypotheses.