不同付款方式下供应不确定企业的采购源与定价策略研究

近几年，受发展中国家生产成本不断上涨的影响，很多企业开始撤离中国，本研究欲探究代工厂向销售国家转移的趋势与价格竞争的关系。研究基于不同采购费付款方式下以价格竞争为主企业的最优采购源和定价策略。基于订货量或到货量的付款方式一直以来是企业采购的两种主要支付方式。同时，以往的相关研究一直基于数量竞争，但现实中，企业间的价格竞争也不少，因此考虑价格竞争的采购源决策与定价问题值得进一步研究。基于此，本研究考虑采购费与订货量或到货量相关两种情况，基于价格竞争模型，研究了企业最优的采购源策略，即国内源、国外源、双源以及每种策略下最优的定价。研究发现：（1）无论在哪种采购费支付方式下，企业在价格竞争下最优的采购源策略均是采用对市场反应快的国内源。（2）在采购费与订货量相关时，企业的市场定价更高。（3）两种采购费支付方式下企业的期望利润却一样多。（4）在价格竞争下，企业更青睐能对市场做出快速反应的国内源，不同于数量竞争下的双源。本研究将为企业在价格竞争下采购源决策与定价提供决策参考。     

价格相依随机需求下的逆向拍卖采购与定价联合决策

研究价格相依随机需求下零售商的逆向拍卖采购与定价联合决策问题。假定零售商首先确定一个采购合同,然后供应商投标,通过逆向拍卖选取一个获胜的供应商,由该供应商确定采购量并传递给零售商,同时零售商做定价决策影响其需求,目标是寻求一个最优的采购与定价策略以最大化零售商的期望利润。对于一般的随机需求函数,引进期望销售弹性这一新的概念并利用其性质证明零售商的期望收益(不包括采购费用)是采购量的凹函数,从而得到其最优的采购与定价策略。特别地,对正态需求分布情形给出了零售商的采购量和利润函数的解析表达式并进行数值分析。     

建筑施工企业物资集中采购探析

材料成本是建筑施工企业生产成本中比重最大的一部分,因此如何能够采购到性价比合适的材料是建筑施工企业物资采购的需要解决的重要问题。集中采购是一种集中采购物资的模式,有风险也有优势,本炙以此为出发点,探讨了物资集中采购中如何规避已有的问题,提高建筑施工企业集中采购的水平。     

LZSH公司物资采购定价方法探讨

阐述价格管理在物资采购中的重要性,介绍物资采购中常用的定价方法     

不同渠道权力结构下资金约束零售商的采购和融资策略

针对由供应商、3PL企业和资金约束零售商组成的供应链,研究了三种渠道权力结构（以供应商为主导的S权利结构、以3PL企业为主导的L权利结构、供应商和3PL企业同时主导的N权力结构）和两种融资模式（3PL企业融资服务和贸易信贷融资）下零售商的采购和融资策略。首先,分别构建了针对三种渠道权力结构和两种融资模式的以供应链成员利润最大化为目标的优化模型,并通过求解模型得到了供应商、3PL企业和零售商的最优定价策略;然后,通过比较不同情形下的供应链成员利润,分析了零售商的采购和融资策略。研究结果表明：在S权力结构下,零售商应选择直接向供应商订货并接受贸易信贷融资模式;在L权力结构下,零售商应选择接受3PL企业的代理采购和融资服务;在N权力结构下,零售商应选择融资利率更高的采购和融资模式。此外发现,供应商和3PL企业均应选择优先宣布定价策略,当二者在市场中权力相当时,其应该调高各自的融资利率。     

责任供应链中的采购与市场定价策略决策北大核心CSSCI

针对由一个履行社会责任的供应商,另一个存在违背社会责任风险的供应商,单生产商和两类顾客组成的供应链模型,考虑单源采购和不同顾客支付意愿的异质性,研究生产商的采购决策、目标市场选择以及定价策略决策。研究发现:在责任供应链中,生产商的采购决策与顾客支付意愿最大值及采购成本差异有关,而目标市场和定价策略的决策仅与顾客支付意愿最大值有关;当顾客支付意愿最大值越大,生产商偏向于责任采购;当供应商之间的采购成本差异越大时,生产商偏向于非责任采购;在责任采购模式下,当顾客支付意愿最大值较小时,大众市场下的价格歧视策略为优势策略;当顾客支付意愿最大值较大时,大众市场下的统一定价策略为优势策略。     

存在信息更新时的双源采购和后备生产结合策略研究

在现实的采购运作中,双源采购和后备生产是两种最常见的风险应对策略。本文在考虑信息更新的情况下,探讨了一个两阶段动态采购决策模型：第一阶段,制造商向存在供应风险的一个或两个主供应商订货;第二阶段,制造商根据主供应商风险信息的更新,决定是否向供应可靠但价格较高的后备供应商订货。本文得到了两阶段的最优采购策略,分析发现,当固定采购成本较低时：若潜在市场需求较小,双源采购将排斥后备生产;若潜在市场需求较大,双源采购和后备生产共存;若潜在市场需求适中,后备生产可能排斥双源采购,两者也可能共存。特别地,在潜在市场需求适中时,可靠性改进概率的增大或后备供应商生产成本的降低,将使后备生产趋于排斥双源采购;反之,可靠性改进概率的减小、固定采购成本的降低或后备生产成本的增加,将使两者趋于共存。     

不对称竞争条件下企业集团的转移定价研究

基于企业集团的最终产品市场存在产量竞争的前提下,分析了不对称竞争条件下企业集团的中间产品转移定价决策问题。研究结果表明,当中间产品实行差别定价时,中间产品的转移价格取决于两下游竞争公司生产的最终产品之间生产成本的大小关系;当中间产品实行单一定价时,中间产品的转移价格大于中间产品的边际成本;通过对两种定价簌略的比较可知,当对中间产品实行差别定价时,可以提高企业集团的整体利润。     

电子商务环境下合作采购效益分析

合作采购是一种重要的企业间电子商务应用模式,成功实施合作采购需要供应链成员的积极参与。本文针对供应商采取的两种批发价定价策略,比较分析了协调成本对买主间合作采购动力及其总体采购成本的影响。其结果表明,只要协调成本较小,买主便具有合作采购动力,且无论供应商采取固定价格策略还是采取数量折扣策略,都存在一个协调成本临界值,当协调成本小于该临界值时,合作采购将同时减少买主与供应商的总体成本;当协调成本大于该临界值时,则总有一方的总体成本在合作采购中增加。     

浅析企业采购模式的选择

采购模式分为招标、比价、独家采购三种,三种采购模式的采购成本不同,采购到的产品的性价比也不相同,企业要根据采购对象的特征,来选取合适的采购方式。     

A DISCRETE DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR MADE-TO-ORDER COST ANALYSIS

A model is presented that yields optimal production rates for a firm producing a contracted order. The model is unique in that it considers the influence of production rate and learning on total program cost. An application to the specific characteristics of two military production programs is presented. As demonstrated by the application, models of this type may be used as decision-making tools when negotiating the cost impact of contract modifications.     

The seller's perspective on acquisition success: Empirical evidence from the communications equipment industry

This paper considers acquisition success from the seller's perspective and uses the seller's acquisition success criteria as an indication of their interpretation of the acquisition event. The argument is that sellers who use strategic and social criteria to appraise acquisition success interpret acquisitions as partnerships, while sellers who use financial criteria to appraise success interpret acquisitions as sales. Based on interview and survey data on the seller's perspective on acquisition success for 33 acquisitions in the communications equipment industry, we find that sellers use strategic and social criteria to appraise acquisition success and conclude that sellers interpret acquisitions as partnerships.     

An organizational learning approach to digital and non-digital firm acquisition behavior

Drawing on organizational learning theory, this study investigates whether, and how, digital firms' characteristics can alter the determinants of exploration and exploitation activities through acquisitions. Considering that digital firms intrinsically differ from non-digital firms as regards their resource bundles, cost structure, and growth strategy, we argue that these distinctive characteristics can moderate the effects of slack resources and performance feedback on the propensity to conduct explorative and exploitative acquisitions. Comparing large, U.S. publicly traded digital and non-digital acquiring firms, we empirically show that consistent with our predictions, digital firms' characteristics mitigate the effects of slack resources and performance feedback on the propensity to conduct explorative acquisitions. Yet, contrary to our predictions, the findings also indicate that digital firms' characteristics reinforce the effects of these determinants on the propensity to conduct exploitative acquisitions.     

被收购企业的博弈分析

在企业的收购活动中,收购价格始终处于一个相当关键的地位,收购能否成功,很大程度上取决于双方是否能在收购价格上达成一致.本文采用现代博弈论的分析方法,以古诺(Cournot)模型为基础,讨论了均衡收购价格的确定.量化论证了在不完全信息的情况下,最终的均衡收购价格比完全信息的情况下要高.同时指出,企业的资产负债率(Debt-to-Assset Ratio)以及由此形成的加权平均资本成本(Weighted-Average Cost of Capital)对均衡价格方面也有一定的影响.     

武器装备保障供应链中基于绩效的整体外包机制

传统的武器装备保障是军方体制内的保障,供应商只负责提供装备,因
而供应商没有动力提高装备可靠性,保障成本也比较高。针对这种弊端,本文提
出了一种基于绩效的保障服务整体外包模式,即由供应商负责从提供装备到完成
装备保障任务的整个供应链,军方根据保障的绩效水平通过合同进行一定的奖励
和惩罚。本文运用委托代理的研究模型,分析了这种保障模式的优势。结果表明,
军方一定的激励政策可以引导供应商努力提高装备可靠性,并使其获得更好的收
入;与此同时,军方保障的总成本也得到降低,供应链绩效得到改善。     

Psychic distance and ownership in acquisitions: Direction matters

Recent research has begun to explore the impact of country-of-origin and direction on internationalization decisions in response to controversy over the use of symmetrical and absolute values of distance. In this paper we contribute to this stream of research by studying the moderating influence of direction on the distance–ownership relationship as it relates to cross-border acquisitions. We ground our arguments in transaction cost economics and supplement this lens using institutional theory to contextualize the home-host country relationship through moderating effects. Through our study of 25,440 full and partial acquisitions (9577 MNEs, 25 countries, 15 years), we demonstrate that the distance–ownership relationship is moderated by direction. We further find that acquisition ownership decisions made by emerging country MNEs differ significantly from those made by developed country MNEs. Our findings demonstrate that future research on the impact of distance should consider the differences between MNEs from emerging versus developed economies, in addition to host country characteristics.     

Equity Ownership in Cross‐border Mergers and Acquisitions by British Firms: An Analysis of Real Options and Transaction Cost Factors

The authors investigate the factors influencing the share of equity ownership sought in cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (CBM&As). Drawing on real options theory and transaction cost economics (TCE), they address and hypothesize key factors linked to commitment under exogenous uncertainty and the separation of desired and non‐desired assets’ influence on share of equity sought by acquiring firms in CBM&As. Empirical analysis based on 1872 CBM&As undertaken by British firms in both developed and emerging economies shows that British MNEs are more likely to pursue a partial acquisition in a target foreign firm when those foreign firms are from culturally distant countries. Further, findings support the view that the high cost of separating desired assets from non‐desired assets motivates firms to make a partial acquisition rather than acquire the target completely. This is one of the first studies to use real options theory to address the cost of commitment under exogenous uncertainty, as well as TCE logic to address the separation of desired and non‐desired assets in the target firm while analysing equity ownership sought in CBM&As. Empirically, this paper contributes by examining CBM&As by British firms in both developed and emerging markets.     

When are acquisitions a viable catch-up strategy? Some empirical evidence from China

How emerging-market firms can catch up with forerunners from advanced economies is a key issue in the economic and technology literature. Research has suggested that acquisitions are a viable tool for firms in emerging markets to reduce the productivity gap with global leaders, but the empirical evidence on this matter is still far from conclusive. Contributing to this debate, this paper examines the impact of cross-border vs. domestic acquisitions on the labor productivity of firms across different sectoral environments. Studying the acquisitions pursued by Chinese listed firms over one decade, we find that cross-border acquisitions are positively associated with firms' labor productivity and that this effect is particularly strong in high-tech sectors and among leading firms. We also find that domestic acquisitions are positively associated with firms’ labor productivity and that this effect is particularly strong in low-tech sectors and among laggards. We further investigate the mechanisms underlying the acquisition–productivity link and contend that “technological innovation” is the primary mechanism by which acquisitions enhance firm productivity in high-tech sectors, whereas “enhancing operating efficiency” is the primary mechanism by which acquisitions enhance firm productivity in low-tech sectors.     

A cost model for deferred state life test plans with replacement

This paper presents a cost model for the deferred state life test plan, which is one of the lot-by-lot acceptance sampling plans by attributes. In most sampling plans, the decision to accept or reject a submitted lot depends only on the sampling test results of the lot concerned; other information will not be considered. Deferred state life test plan is a sampling plan which uses information about subsequent lots for making decisions to accept or reject the current lot. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the total test cost of using the deferred state life test plan to see whether the use of this life test plan can reduce the total cost of the sampling test. In order to calculate the expected total test cost of the deferred state life test plan, a cost model is developed for the deferred state life test plan with replacement. Also, a cost comparison is made between a deferred state life test plan and a comparable military standard sampling plan which offers the same level of producer's and consumer's protection. The results show that the deferred state life test plan consistently reduces the overall cost of sampling tests over a variety of test conditions.     

Market reactions to acquisition announcements: The importance of signaling ‘why’ and ‘where’

Acquisitions are risky events but not all acquisitions involve the same levels of risk. We suggest that the announced acquisition motive – the ‘why’ of the acquisition – is an important risk signal. We categorize acquisition motives and distinguish between acquisitions with ‘pure explore’ and ‘pure exploit’ motives. Recognizing that most acquisitions have multiple motives, we identify acquisitions with ‘ambidextrous’ motives – that is different combinations of explorative and exploitative motives – too. Then, building on recent contributions to signaling theory, we argue that the ‘why’ will matter more, if the ‘where’ pertains to a high-risk setting. We measure this using target-to-acquirer industry relatedness. We find that the market reacts more positively to pure acquisitions, aimed at exploration or exploitation, compared to ambidextrous acquisitions. We show that the market reacts more positively to ambidextrous acquisitions orientated towards exploitation than ambidextrous acquisitions orientated toward exploration. Finally, we find that relatedness moderates this relationship, in that the market is more willing to tolerate exploration in a related industry. Our core contribution is to the literatures on acquisition motives and ambidexterity. We provide new insights into the incidence of specific motives, the ways in which they are mixed, and the market's reaction to their announcement. In addition, we contribute to the emerging literature that takes on behavioral perspective of market reactions by showing that the ‘why’ and ‘where’ of an acquisition matter.