关于上海松江区发展家庭农场的思考

上海松江区改革农村土地管理制度,规范农村承包地流转,创新农业经营主体,培育、发展家庭农场,取得了明显成效。松江家庭农场经营模式为上海乃至全国发展家庭农场提供的启示是：顺应形势发展,为家庭农场成长创造良好的外部环境;培养职业农民,为家庭农场发展提供坚实的人力保障;加强扶持服务,为家庭农场发展提供有力的政策支持。推广松江家庭农场模式,要注意把握好3方面的问题,即：家庭农场经营规模＂度＂的问题;土地如何＂流转＂的问题;政策措施＂扶持＂的问题。     

新型农业经营主体面临的现实问题及破解对策

近年来,随着家庭农场等新型农业经营主体的不断涌现和发展,引起了国内外的广泛关注。农业生产目标从保量逐渐转变为增效,要求农业生产方式从依靠资源消耗的粗放模式转变为依靠技术进步的集约模式,而一家一户的分散经营制度显然与此相悖。通过对Z省L市宝岭家庭农场深入调研,了解到农业欠发达地区农村家庭农场成本高,收益少;宣传引导不到位,市场范围难以拓宽;防治疫病压力大;农产品加工与贮藏技术欠缺。今后要在政府层面和农场层面探讨培育新型农业经营主体的现实路径。     

团队精神对新型农业经营主体的作用研究

专业大户、家庭农场、农民专业合作社、产业化龙头企业、农民企业以及经营性农业服务组织等新型农业经营主体,具有鲜明的集约化、专业化、组织化、社会化特点,随着市场经济的快速发展,企业、组织间的竞争越来越激烈,要想在竞争中取胜,就必须重视人力资源管理尤其是团队精神建设,不断提升员工的团结意识、集体意识和责任意识,集思广益,以增强团队凝聚力和员工对企业或组织的归属感、集体荣誉感。因此,研究首先介绍了新型农业经营主体发展现状,分析了其发展中面临的问题及团队精神在其发展中的重要作用,为新型农业经营主体团队建设提供理论依据。     

上海家庭农场发展研究

家庭农场是现代农业的一种表现形式。近年来上海郊区（主要以松江区为代表）发展起来的家庭农场,作为现代农业的雏形正在逐步形成,规模不断扩大,运作不断规范,效益不断提高,收入不断增加,建立家庭农场符合当前我国农业发展的方向。上海家庭农场发展得到了有关政府部门的充分肯定,也引起了社会各界的关注。本文对上海家庭农场发展现状及存在问题加以剖析,提出相关对策建议。     

上海郊区新型农业经营方式研究

通过剖析上海农业经营形式的现状及问题,重点结合区县的探索和实践,围绕发展家庭农场和专业合作社两种新型经营方式,提出加快转变上海农业经营方式的对策建议。     

论土地流转制度对我国农业现代化的意义

2013年中央一号文件提出,鼓励和支持承包土地向专业大户、家庭农场、农民合作社流转。在土地所有权归国家所有的情况下,通过各种方式进行农村土地使用权的转让,使土地形成规模化经营,产生规模化效益。通过调查和查阅资料等方式,研究农村土地使用权流转的含义及其产生的背景,并着重从经济、技术、制度等方面,阐述农村土地流转对我国农业现代化的意义。     

如何申办家庭农场？

发展家庭农场是提高农业集约化经营水平的重要途径，由于刚刚起步，家庭农场的培育发展需要一个循序渐进的过程。中央鼓励有条件的地方率先建立家庭农场注册登记制度，明确家庭农场认定标准、登记办法，制定专门的财政、税收、用地、金融、保险等扶持政策。     

农业产业化经营的四种模式比较研究

当前,农业产业化经营以"农业大户"模式、"农业龙头企业+农户"模式、"农业龙头企业+合作社+农户"模式和"农业龙头企业+村集体+合作社+农户"模式这四种经营模式为主,通过对四种经营模式的比较分析发现,这四种经营模式各有特点,有着相同的经济学理论基础,同时彼此间也存在着紧密的演进关系,研究这四种模式,能为今后农业产业化经营发展方向提供理论支持与帮助。     

土地整理在推动农业产业化经营发展中的作用

土地整理为农业产业化经营提供了必要的基础条件,是推动农业产业化经营发展的重要保障.当前我国农业产业化经营水平还较低,必须加强和改善土地整理工作,充分发挥其推动农业产业化经营健康有序发展的积极作用.     

推进成都市家庭农场健康发展的思考与建议

正自2013年中央一号文件首次提出发展"家庭农场",尤其是十八届二三中全会《决定》再次提山鼓励发展家庭农场后,国内各地和广大农民对探索发展家庭农场的热情高涨,成都市也于2014年3月正式出台《关于加快推进家庭农场发展的指导意见》。为促进家庭农场健康发展,近期笔者到龙泉驿区、都江堰市、蒲江县、金堂县等地,与农业、统筹、国土资源、工商等部门和不同类型的家庭农场丰进行探讨,并实地考察了遛鸡哥家庭农     

Rural Women and Decision Making: Women's Role in Resource Management During Rural Restructuring1

Abstract The intense, uneven, and often contradictory processes of agricultural restructuring impact upon the family farm in ways that are gendered. Those impacts may create, reproduce, or exacerbate contradictions within the farm family. We interviewed farm women about the decision making structure of families on Australian cereal properties and about land use and resource management strategies. Key informants working in government, agriculture, and management were asked about effects of restructuring on farm women and their role in resource management on the family farm. Different patterns were found: most decision making structures remain sex segregated, with women making more decisions about “inside” and men about “outside” resource management issues; shared decision responsibility was greater than expected. Farm women have views about farming, soil conservation, and the environment that have an influence on strategic planning in the sector whether they maintain their traditional family position or increase their agency and visibility.     

Family farms in the Scottish borders: a practical definition by hill sheep farmers

The theme of this paper is the family farm and the problems of defining it. The approach taken is to recognize the difference between theoretical definitional practices of sociologists and anthropologists, on the one hand, and everyday definitional practices of family farmers on the other. The former focus upon observable behaviour and/or quantitative measures that are used to construct an analytical concept with precise boundaries; the latter are not interested in defining the boundaries of the concept of the family farm but in understanding the nature and operations of their family farms so that they can reproduce them in their everyday activities. They attend to what is most central and ideal to the family farm and this is the basis of their concept of the family farm. Through an ethnographic account of hill sheep farms in the Scottish borderlands, the paper argues that the essence of family farms is a consubstantial relation between family and farm such that the distinct existence and form of both partake of or become united in a common substance that is transmitted over generations. The analysis highlights the economic and social interdependence of family and farm, the process by which the farm becomes embodied through family labour, the strategies adopted by the family to ensure the transfer of the farm to the following generation, and the use of a genetic metaphor to transpose a legal relation between family and farm into a consubstantial one.     

“80后”婚姻中的姓氏之争

被称为"80后"的一代如今已经陆续结婚生子,他们在给家庭带来幸福的同时,也带来了特殊的矛盾——孩子的姓氏应该跟谁。研究以昆山市5个1980后出生的被访者为个案研究对象,以开放式的定性访谈来获得研究资料,对"80后"婚姻中的姓氏之争展开了深入的实地调查。在对资料进行定性分析的基础上发现:"80后"婚姻中出现姓氏之争的原因呈现多样性,既有政策、个人方面的因素,也受传统文化与现代文明所左右;"80后"家庭对姓氏之争采取了相应的应对方式:生两胎、采用新复姓等。姓氏之争表面上是日常生活中的家庭矛盾,实质上却是受经济发展、文化变迁、家庭结构转变乃至价值观念等众多因素制约而面临的"复杂性问题"。     

The role of perception in the intention to change the family financial situation

The study investigates factors associated with the individual intentions to change the family financial situation of 337 farm respondents. The hypotheses are that intentions to change are influenced by (a) resource flexibility or constraints existing at the time of the decision situation, including off-farm employment, education, age, and household size, and (b) perceptual factors of perceived income adequacy, locus of control, degree of discrepancy between standard and level of the family financial situation, and dissatisfaction or satisfaction with the discrepancy. Older respondents and those experiencing more external control are less likely to intend to change. Younger respondents and those who perceive their incomes as more adequate are more likely to perceive that they have control over their situation. The lower the perceived income adequacy, the greater the discrepancy between standard and level of the family financial situation and the lower the satisfaction with the discrepancy. Significant indirect effects were consistent with theoretical expectations.Research was supported by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Projects 52-055, 52-054, and 52-058 and the Minnesota Extension Service. The authors wish to thank Jean W. Bauer, Ph.D., for research collaboration and Susan Keskinen and Cathy Schultz for research assistance.Her research interests include social, economic, and technical decision processes, discrepancies between standards and levels, and the interrelationship of work and family roles, particularly for farm women. Her Ph.D. is from Iowa State University.Her research interests in family resource management theory include social decision making processes and social decision rules, family life quality, and the economic consequences of divorce. Her Ph.D. is from Michigan State University.     

Understanding the Nature and Extent of Farm and Ranch Diversification in North America*

Abstract Pressure to adopt enhanced production technologies, changing government support policies, increasing and more diverse competition, and changing markets have posed economic challenges to North American farmers over the past two decades. As a response, farmers are adjusting their production model by incorporating agricultural related enterprises. Although there is evidence that farm diversification is occurring throughout North America, there is a dearth of scientific information regarding the types of enterprises being developed and used in this context. This study aims to fill this void by exploring the extent of farm diversification by identifying and describing eight types of enterprises that farmers and ranchers are using. It was found that levels of diversification are often dependent on operating and management attributes and owner characteristics, such as the number of family members working on the farm and the number of days that the farmer's spouse works off the farm.     

An alternative to farmer age as an indicator of life-cycle stage: The case for a farm family age index

In studies of farming, the age of the principal decision-maker (PDM) has been associated with numerous farm structural and managerial features and has been widely accepted as a good indicator of the influence of life-cycle factors on decision-making. As such, it has become an important aspect of many quantitative studies of agricultural change. However, contemporary studies of family farming demonstrate that the concept of a single PDM in family farms is becoming an anachronism as alternative enterprises, pluriactivity and the scale of family farms force more diffuse management/operating systems. This raises questions concerning whether the age of the PDM can still be taken as representative of farm structure, strategy or life-cycle stage? Using a study conducted in the Grampian Mountains region of Scotland in 2003 this note investigates the impact of using an alternative index—compiled by averaging the age of family members working on the farm. It suggests that PDM age is a relatively poor indicator of farm structural and managerial features compared to a family age index and calls for researchers to think about alternative approaches to measuring ‘age’ as an indicator.     

When Work and Family Merge: Understanding Intragroup Conflict Experiences in Family Farm Businesses

Family farms represent a huge portion of agriculture in the United States today. These family farms may struggle to balance both family relationships and business concerns, which can cause conflict among members. Some of this conflict may be derived from the independent, self-reliant nature of family farmers. These characteristics may influence how family farm members are able to deal with conflict, and how they choose to communicate during conflict interactions. This project used intragroup conflict theory and family communication patterns to explore the impact of everyday conflict on job satisfaction, communication satisfaction, and profitability in family farm businesses. Survey data were collected from family farm members (N = 204). The results of structural equation modeling showed conversation and conformity orientation significantly predicted relational, process, and status conflict in the model, yet only status conflict significantly predicted communication satisfaction. These findings suggested family farm members struggle with communication, which influences status conflict experiences and communication satisfaction.     

Farm Wives' Labor Force Participation and Earnings

Abstract The decisions of farm wives to work off the farm and the earnings they make in that off-farm employment should be considered simultaneously. Previous studies of wives' off-farm earnings have included only employed wives in their analyses of the factors affecting earnings, which results in biased estimates. This study tests, via Tobit analysis, a model which includes all farm wives and examines the effects of wives' human capital, farm and family constraints, and labor market characteristics on both their off-farm employment decisions and their earnings. Wives' off-farm earnings are found to be related to wives' education, labor market experience, presence of children, other family income, farm size, and debt/income ratio. Changes in these factors have a greater influence on the labor market participation decisions of farm wives than on the variation in their earnings, once employed.     

Farm restructuring in the ex-GDR: towards a new farm model?

This article examines farm restructuring in the ex-GDR since reunification in 1990. In particular, attention is focused on four types of farm businesses that can be grouped into two broad groups: family farms and farm partnerships (both private farm business types) and corporate and cooperative farms. Both groups have attracted interest and comment because of the contrasting farming models that they represent, the former reflecting the West German family farm model and the latter with its similarities to the GDR large farm model. The article considers the starting point for restructuring, the framework in which it has occurred, with special reference to the privatisation of nationalised farmland, and examines the geographical outcomes in terms of the emerging farm structure and the competitiveness of different farm types. It is concluded that family farms and farm partnerships have been the main ‘winners’ of the restructuring process, but that corporate/cooperative farming has proved to be a resilient part of the farm structure. As a result, a varied farm structure has emerged that has the potential to be highly competitive within Germany and Europe. However, over-regulation by the government, especially in the case of privatisation of nationalised farmland, has delayed completion of the process, and may hinder competitiveness.