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Education has long been recognized as an institution that plays a prominent role in the reproduction of social class. Children from socially advantaged backgrounds tend to achieve higher educational outcomes than children from more disadvantaged backgrounds. In this study, data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were utilized to better understand the relationship between social advantage, high school educational achievements, adolescent behaviors, and educational attainment. It was found that individuals from socially advantaged backgrounds had greater high school educational achievements and were less likely to engage in problematic adolescent behaviors, and that these behaviors were, in fact, related to educational attainment. The socially advantaged did have greater levels of educational attainment. Most significantly, it was apparent that the socially advantaged were more likely to overcome low high school educational achievements and problematic adolescent behaviors to achieve higher levels of post-high school educational attainment. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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We examine the effects of single mothers' welfare use and employment decisions on children's short‐run cognitive development, as measured by their preschool standardized math test scores. We control for three mechanisms through which these decisions might affect children's outcomes: direct monetary benefits, parental time invested in the child, and nonpecuniary benefits from in‐kind transfer programs such as Medicaid. We employ a correction function approach and control for state‐fixed effects to address the endogenous nature of welfare participation and employment decisions. Our estimates suggest that although each additional quarter of either mother's employment or welfare use results in only a small increase in a child's standardized math test score, the total effects after several quarters are sizable. We allow mothers' decisions to have varying effects on attainment by children's observed innate ability and by the intensity of welfare use and employment. A child who has the mean level of observed innate ability with a mother who simultaneously worked and used welfare in all 20 quarters after childbirth experiences an 8.25 standardized‐point increase in standardized scores. The positive impact is more pronounced for the more disadvantaged children, who tend to be born to mothers with low Armed Forces Qualification Test scores, or have lower birth weights. We also examine the effects using timing of employment and welfare use, as well as children's maturity and gender. (JEL I3, J13, J22) 相似文献
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INFLATION, OUTPUT, AND EMPLOYMENT: SOME CLARIFICATIONS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Terry-Ann Craigie 《Economic inquiry》2020,58(1):425-445
Ban the Box (BTB) policies mandate deferred access to criminal history until later in the hiring process. However, these policies chiefly target public employers. The study is the first to focus on the primary goal of BTB reform, by measuring the impact of BTB policies on the probability of public employment for those with convictions. To execute the analyses, the study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (2005–2015) and difference-in-difference (DD) estimation. The study finds that BTB policies raise the probability of public employment for those with convictions by about 30% on average. Some scholars argue that BTB policies encourage statistical discrimination against young low-skilled minority males. The study employs triple-difference (DDD) estimation to test for statistical discrimination, but uncovers no evidence to support the hypothesis. (JEL J15, J71, J78, K4). 相似文献
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Although people from different countries may report similar scores on measures of work–life conflict, the factors which give rise to conflict may in fact be very different. Full-time working respondents to the 2002 Family module International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) in both Portugal and Britain were assessed for country, gender and occupational class differences in work–life conflict, focusing on both work and domestic spheres. Two distinct groups emerged as having very high levels of work–life conflict: routine and manual women in Portugal and professional and managerial women in Britain. It is suggested that very long hours of domestic work, combined with worries over unsatisfactory childcare arrangements and a lack of support from partners and informal networks, contribute to the high levels of conflict experienced by women working in routine and manual occupations in Portugal. The pressures of very long working hours, combined with a perception of increasing work demands, as well as additional domestic work, contribute to the high levels of work–life conflict for women working in professional and managerial occupations in Britain. 相似文献
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DANIEL S. HAMERMESH 《Economic inquiry》1979,17(3):317-332
Many studies have identified the work disincentive effects of unemployment insurance. This paper points out the entitlement effect of this and other social insurance programs on employment, as the risks of labor-market participation are reduced by the existence of unemployment benefits. This employment-increasing effect can offset the disincentive effect, with the net impact on employment becoming an empirical issue. Using data on a sample of married women for 1971, we find that on net there is a slight negative effect on employment of higher unemployment insurance benefits. The entitlement effect on employment is, though, generally positive and significant, suggesting that the provisions of social insurance induce increased labor-force participation among women who otherwise would remain out of the labor force. 相似文献
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Jukka Savolainen Petteri Sipilä Pekka Martikainen Amy L. Anderson 《The Sociological quarterly》2009,50(4):715-738
The proximate correlates of adolescent victimization are well documented in the literature. The purpose of our research is to examine the more fundamental sources of this outcome. Focusing on two basic social contexts—the family and the residential community—we develop a theoretical model and test it empirically against a multilevel data set on juveniles living in Helsinki. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that the family context is an important determinant of violent victimization. Much of this effect is mediated by involvement in delinquent lifestyles. We also find support for the assumption that community context matters to the risk of victimization independently of the family context and individual-level risk factors. Our research underscores the need for a multilevel approach in explanations of violent victimization. 相似文献
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MORAL COMMUNITIES AND ADOLESCENT DELINQUENCY: 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mark D. Regnerus 《The Sociological quarterly》2003,44(4):523-554
This study bridges the sociological subdisciplines of religion and criminology and examines whether religious characteristics of groups and social contexts might profitably augment social disorganization theory, providing a morally and socially organizing force in a community. Building on the "moral communities" thesis of Rodney Stark (1996), I test whether religion, when understood as a group property, is linked significantly with lower delinquency among individuals in schools and counties where select religious characteristics are high. Moreover, I also examine whether—as Stark suggests—the efficacy of individual religious traits is heightened in social environments where religiousness is more pronounced. Employing multilevel regression models, I test several hypotheses using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. While individual religious effects remain strongest, conservative Protestant homogeneity in both countries and schools corresponds with lower theft and minor delinquency counts. Additionaly, such religious homogeneity interacts with individual-level measures of conservative Protestantism, further reducing incidence (especially of theft). I explore the mechanisms by which communities' religious characteristics likely influence individual behavior and conclude that religion is a neglected yet potentially important cultural aspect of social organization in communities. 相似文献
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BIRTH ORDER AND RISKY ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
LAURA M. ARGYS DANIEL I. REES SUSAN L. AVERETT BENJAMA WITOONCHART 《Economic inquiry》2006,44(2):215-233
It is commonly believed that birth order is an important determinant of success. However, previous studies in this area have failed to provide convincing evidence that birth order is related to test scores, education, or earnings. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth–1979, we investigate the association between birth order and adolescent behaviors such as smoking, drinking, marijuana use, sexual activity, and crime. Our estimates show that middle borns and last borns are much more likely to use substances and be sexually active than their firstborn counterparts. These results provide the strongest evidence to date that birth order is related to measurable behaviors. (JEL I12 , J12 , J13 ) 相似文献
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RELIGIOUS CHANGE AND ADOLESCENT FAMILY DYNAMICS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Much more has been documented about the influence of religion on parenting practices than on how the former may shape family life from the perspective of adolescents. Building a conceptual model of religion and changing family relations, we assessed the particular influence of adolescent religious change on the dynamics of their relationships with their parents, and overall satisfaction with their families. Employing data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), results suggested that growth in personal religious salience—how important religion is in adolescents' lives—is uniquely and consistently related to better family relations, even after accounting for behavioral changes—such as excessive drinking and drug abuse—that are detrimental to both religiosity and family relations. 相似文献
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David Morley 《The Sociological review》1976,24(2):245-268
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THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY, PREGNANCY RESOLUTION, AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We apply criminological theories of social control to explore the relationships among adolescent pregnancy, pregnancy resolution, and juvenile delinquency. While most ever-pregnant girls have especially high rates of delinquent behavior, adolescent mothers exhibit delinquency levels no higher than those of their never-pregnant peers. Unlike adolescent females who end their pregnancies through abortion, those who keep their babies experience a dramatic reduction in both smoking and marijuana use. Our results suggest that among adolescent girls, the birth of a child has a strong trajectory-modifying effect. It serves as a mechanisms of social control and substantially reduces the likelihood of delinquent behavior. 相似文献
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《Journal of Social Work Education》2013,49(3):423-444
Edicts within the Council on Social Work Education's 2008 Educational Policyand Accreditation Standards address the importance of understanding theintersection of personal and professional values. Twenty MSW students, chosenon the basis of diverse cultural and personal characteristics, were interviewedabout their motivations for pursuing a MSW degree and their personal and professionalvalues. Thematic analysis yielded an emergent model relating theintersection of multiple forms of motivation, encountering and resolving valueconflicts, and integrating personal and professional identities. Implications foreducation and practice are (1) the intersection of personal and professionalidentities should be explicit components of curriculum; (2) strategies for managingvalue conflicts should be an integral part of the curriculum; and (3) therelationship between identity integration and practice needs to be delineated. 相似文献
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ALOK KUMAR 《Economic inquiry》2012,50(4):1069-1079
Empirical evidence suggests that unemployed workers are much more likely to become self‐employed than wage‐employed workers. Also, higher unemployment benefits significantly reduce the rate of self‐employment. This article develops a model of self‐employment which incorporates transitions between unemployment and self‐employment. It integrates two strands of theoretical literature—models of occupational choice and the efficiency wage models. In this model, a higher unemployment benefit reduces the self‐employment rate and the transition rate of unemployed workers to self‐employment, which is consistent with empirical evidence. (JEL J23, J58, J64) 相似文献
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H. INHABER 《Revue canadienne de sociologie》1975,12(4):594-605
Beaucoup a étéécrit depuis quelques années sur la politique du Canada par rapport à la science, mais à peu près rien à partir de statistiques autres que financières. En particulier, on n'a pas touchéà la question importante de la concentration. Cet essai porte sur l'emplacement et l'emploi des scientistes durant la période 1967-72. Des données standardisées sont utilisées. Le nombre de scientistes par rapport à la population est le plus élevé en Alberta et en Ontario, et c'est à Terreneuve et au Manitoba que ce rapport a le plus changé au cours de ces cinq années. Il y a une forte correlation entre le niveau économique d'une province et son niveau scientifique lorsque mesuré par la proportion de scientistes. Cependant, la correlation entre le changement dans le niveau économique et dans la concentration des scientistes est moins forte. Dans toutes les provinces, les universités sont les plus importants employeurs de scientistes. While much has been written on Canadian science policy in the past few years, almost none has been based on the non-financial statistics of national science. In particular, important questions of concentration have not been addressed. This paper is an attempt to rectify this situation. The location and employment of scientists are considered for the period 1967-72. A standardized data source was used. Alberta and Ontario had the highest ratio of scientists to population for the period considered. Newfoundland and Manitoba had the greatest change in this ratio over the five years. There is a strong correlation between the economic level of a province and its scientific level as measured by its fraction of scientists. However, there is a less strong correlation between the change in economic level and the change in scientific concentration. In all provinces, universities were the greatest employers of scientists. 相似文献