Calligraphy and Modern Chinese Writers

迄今为止，中国现代文学研究已取得了举世瞩目的成就，但趋于“饱和”的状态 也使其陷入了举步维艰的境地。因此，寻找新的学术增长点就变得异常重要和紧迫。 “书法文化”与“中国现代作家”的关系，几近是一个研究空白，以往很少引人注 意，这是令人遗憾的。事实上，许多中国现代作家都与书法文化有着不解之缘，他们 在书法收藏、书法创作、书学探讨上都做出了重要贡献；反过来，书法文化也对现代 文学的存在方式、文本形式、情感表达、思维方式以及审美趣味等产生了深刻的影 响。另外，通过对书法文化与中国现代作家关系的考察，还可引发我们进一步深入思 考文学、书法、文化、教育等相关问题，以便有助于新世纪的中国文学和文化获得更 大的发展空间。

关键词: 书法文化?中国现代作家?学术创新?第三种文本?书学

Research on modern Chinese literature has achieved results that have attracted wide attention. However, its state of near “saturation” has placed it in a dilemma with no clear way forward. Finding new academic growth points has become exceptionally important and urgent. The relationship between the “culture of calligraphy” and “modern Chinese writers” is virtually a research blank and has so far attracted regrettably little attention. In fact, many modern Chinese writers have had close ties with calligraphy, making important contributions to its collection, creation and scholarly exploration. Conversely, the culture of calligraphy has exerted a profound influence on such things as the mode of existence, textual forms, emotional expression, ways of thought and aesthetic tastes of modern literature. Moreover, an examination of this relationship may stimulate us to reflect more deeply on literature, calligraphy, culture, education and related issues, which may help us gain a larger space for the development of Chinese culture and literature in the new century.     

“World Risk Society” Governance: The Paradigm of Complexity and Chinese Participation*

全球正在进入具有高度不确定性的”风险社会”时代，风险成为现代社会的重要 特征，并正在改变现代社会的运行逻辑与规则，人类社会的价值理念、行为方式正在 被系统化地重构，全球治理演变为”全球风险社会”治理。当前，全球风险治理的碎 片化、低效率现象严重，现有公共管理、国际治理方式还不能适应风险社会治理的要 求。现代社会是一个具有内生复杂性、测不准性、脆弱性等特征的复杂系统，复杂性 是全球风险社会形成的根本机理，全球风险社会治理离不开复杂性范式与中国参与。 系统研究全球风险社会形成的复杂性机制，构建面向全球风险社会治理的价值、文化 与机制，形成辨识、化解风险的协同治理及反脆弱能力，在理论和实践上具有重要的 价值。     

Changes in Diplomatic Philosophy in the Course of China’s Growth since 1949—The Shift from a Revolutionary and National Perspective to a Developmental and Global Outlook

观察国际和外交问题的视角与观念变化，是中华人民共和国外交史研究中尚需探讨和梳理的课题。在新中国成立后的前30年，中国外交深受在革命过程中形成的外交观念的影响。其基本诉求是建立新型外交关系，核心观念是独立自主与和平，外交政策的基石是和平共处五项原则；此外，国际统一战线策略，对现实世界的战略划分，以及对战争、和平与革命的思考亦对这一时期的外交政策具有重大影响。自20世纪70年代末实行改革开放以来，中国外交转以发展为视角，配合国家经济建设这一中心任务，做出一系列战略和政策调整。中国对国际形势作出和平与发展的新判断，对独立自主的和平外交政策作了新诠释，致力于建立均衡的对外关系，主张以渐进方式推动国际秩序的改进，决心走和平发展道路。中国由此成为现存国际秩序的参与者和建设者。进入21世纪，中国成为令世界瞩目的新兴大国，外交观念也在继承以往的基础上与时俱进。中国强调当代世界是命运共同体，谋求与各国的合作、共赢     

“Immediate Establishment Is Advisable”: Chinese Diplomacy in the Negotiations over the Establishment of Sino-French Diplomatic Relations*

从1963年12月12日到1964年1月23日，中法外交代表在瑞士首都伯尔尼进行了 四次会谈，最终达成了中法建交协议。中方对伯尔尼会谈的基本态度是’速决为 宜?，为此在宣布建交方式、建交公报内容、发表公报时间等问题上对法国作了一 定的让步，但仍坚持至少在中国的单独声明中宣布中华人民共和国为代表中国人民 的唯一合法政府、台湾是中国领土一部分等原则立场。中国采取’速决为宜?的方 针，一方面是由于发展对法关系的必要性，另一方面也是中国高层估计中法建交是 可能的。但伯尔尼会谈并未解决所有问题，其中法台关系问题将成为中法发展正常 关系的障碍之一。     

Chinese Literature's Transformation and Digital Existence in the New Century

数字化传媒的革故鼎新已成为推动中国文学世纪转型的强大引擎。网络文学的市 场化崛起打破了传统文学的原有平衡,让当今文学的整体格局遭遇数字技术的创生性 重整。第四媒体不可抗拒的技术力量导致文学大范围转向“数字化生存”,从存在方 式和表意体制上改写了文学惯例。这需要我们厘清数字化媒体在文学转型中“消解” 与“建构”的双重功能,以便从不同的学理维度上为文论拓新建构数字化生存时代的 文学观念,使数字媒介对传统的挑战变成未来文学别创新声的契机,让新媒介成为新 世纪中国文学的强劲动力和有效资源。

关键词: 中国文学?世纪转型?数字化生存

The reform ignited by digital media provided strong impetus to literary transformation at the turn of century in China. The market‐led rise of online literature has destroyed the balance of traditional literature and resulted in a fundamental digital readjustment of the overall literary structure. The fourth medium, with its irresistible technological force, has led to a large‐scale literary shift towards “being digital,” thereby changing literary traditions of existence and expression. Such being the case, we need to clarify digital media's dual function of “deconstruction” and “construction” in this literary shift so as to input new ideas from a different academic perspective into literary theory of the digital era, turn digital media's challenge to tradition into a chance for literary innovation and make the new media into a powerful driving force and effective resource for Chinese literature in the new century.     

Reflecting on Online Literature

网络文学的问世不仅极大改变了文学的写作生态，改变了文学文本的存在形式， 也改变了文学传播、阅读以及批评的原有格局，而且对传统文学的发展与存在也产生 了诸多具有实质性的影响。网络文学在十余年的发展过程中，其文学实践与理论研究 存在四个方面的突出问题：把互联网自身的技术特性简单等同于网络文学的特征；对 网络文学的理解依然存在认识误区；未能真正区分网络写作与传统写作的基本特征； 未能从理论上真正厘清网络文学文本与传统文学的根本性差异。

关键词: 网络文学?写作生态?传统写作?网络写作

The emergence of online literature has changed not only the ecology of literary composition and the form of existence of literary texts, but also the modes of dissemination, interpretation and criticism of literature. It also substantially challenges the survival and development of traditional literature. In the course of its development over the past decade, four obvious problems have been highlighted in practice and theoretical research: simple equation of the technological features of the Internet with the features of online literature, misconceptions about online literature, inability to distinguish between the basic traits of online and traditional writing and inability to understand the fundamental theoretical differences between online literary texts and traditional literature.     

New era writers: aesthetic choices and the generation gap

从20世纪90年代开始，“代际差别”越来越突出地体现在新时期50、60和70年代 出生的三个重要作家群中。他们不仅在叙事内容上表现为宏大叙事和使命意识的不断 弱化、个人化意愿的不断增强；还在叙事形式上体现为或崇尚写实风格，或追求现代 手法，或迷恋于碎片化细节等不同的审美特质，同时也折射了各自不同的审美观念。 从文化人类学的角度看，这种代际差别实际隐含了不同历史文化语境和成长记忆对人 类精神的潜在规约。代际差别虽然是多元文学格局的一种表现，但是，如何加强代际 间的精神交流，有效克服代际内部各自的局限性，同样是促进中国当代文学健康发展 的一个不可忽略的重要方面。

关键词: 代际差别?宏大叙事?个人化?文化记忆?代际交流

Since the 1990s, the generation gap among three important groups of writers born in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s has become ever more evident. Not only do they show a tendency toward the weakening of grand narrative and sense of responsibility and the strengthening of individual aspirations, they also show different aesthetic traits in terms of narrative form. Some advocate a realist style, while others pursue modernist techniques or are enamored of fragmentary details. At the same time, each generation projects its own aesthetic ideas. From the viewpoint of cultural anthropology, this kind of generation gap essentially implies the effect of the latent protocols of different historical‐cultural contexts and memories of growing up on the human spirit. Although the generation gap is an expression of a plural cultural scene, the question of how to strengthen intellectual interaction between different generations of writers and effectively overcome the limitations of each generation remains an important aspect of the promotion of the healthy development of modern Chinese literature.     

Loneliness: A Psychological Turning Point in the Reconstruction of the Urban Order in China

孤独是主体与对象（自然、社会、信仰）相疏离的深度心理体验，个体的孤独源 于主体需要与实现可能性、主体超越意识与超越有限性之间的悲剧冲突。孤独的作用 是多层面、多向度和辩证的，对城市秩序而言，孤独是建构性与消解性的统一。在现 代性的作用下，孤独率先在西方成为现代社会特别是现代城市社会的普遍心理现象， 在当今快速现代化的中国，城市社会的孤独不仅具有城市世界的普遍共性，其传统文 化中家宗教、家信仰的抽离必然使中国的城市孤独具有鲜明的本土化特征。因此，从 中国实际出发，探索构建心理秩序、城市秩序的具体路径十分必要。

关键词: 孤独?现代性?城市社会?心理秩序?家宗教

Loneliness can be best described as a kind of first‐hand, painful experience etched in the inner world of an individual's psyche. It arises from some degree of estrangement between the subject and the object (nature, society and beliefs). The root causes of individual loneliness lie in the unfortunate tension between the needs of the subject and the possibility of realizing these needs, the consciousness of transcendence on the part of the subject and the limited extent of this transcendence. The impacts of loneliness are multi‐layered, multi‐dimensional and dialectical. Relative to urban order, loneliness can be regarded as a unity of construction and dissolution. As a result of modernity, loneliness is, first in the West, becoming a universal psychological phenomenon in modern societies, particularly the modern urban societies. Since China is now undergoing rapid modernization, loneliness in China's urban society parallels that in urban societies around the world. The weakening of the family worship and beliefs traditionally found in Chinese society gives loneliness in urban China a localized coloration.

It is thus very necessary to proceed from China's realities to explore practical measures to construct a sound psychological and urban order in contemporary China.     

Cultural Feedback and Intergenerational Transmission in Artifact Civilization

“文化反哺”是理解处在急速变迁时代中国社会代际关系的一个本土性概念, 它 在由全球化和社会转型所共同引发的变迁维度上理解中国社会代际关系的颠覆或倒置 现象, 将急速变迁时代所发生的年长一代向年轻一代进行广泛的文化吸收现象视为新 的文化传承模式。在新兴食品、移动电话和电子计算机三类现代器物的传播与选择过 程中, 突出表现出代际倾斜、去中心化和数字鸿沟趋势, 而在器物文明传承过程中 出现的这种代际颠覆现象, 是30年改革开放或社会变迁带给中国人的心理体验的一部 分, 它在精神层面上赋予中国经验以完整的价值和意义。

关键词: 文化反哺 器物文明 代际传承 中国体验

“Cultural feedback” (wenhua fanbu, literally “cultural reverse feeding”), an indigenous concept coined to facilitate the understanding of intergenerational relations in China’s drastically changing society, focuses on the subversion or reversal of conventional intergenerational relations in the light of changes triggered jointly by globalization and social transformation and views the extensive absorption of emerging cultural elements by the older generation from the young generation as a new mode of transmission. The process of the dissemination and selection of three kinds of modern artifacts—new foods, cell phones and computers—highlights the intergenerational tilt, the phenomenon of decentralization and the trend towards a digital divide. The subversion of conventional intergenerational relations in the process of the transmission of artifact civilization, as a significant part of Chinese psychological reactions to over three decades of reform and opening up, is indispensable to the psychological integrity of Chinese experience.     

The Social Responsibility of Chinese Scholars of World History: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue and the Study of World History in the New Era

近代中国世界史研究的萌生, 始于19世纪中叶, 这和中国“救亡图存” 的时代主题联系在一起。中国世界史研究的特点是与时代的脉搏同时跳动, 在各个历史时期, 它研究方向的主流, 从不曾脱离时代的主题, 表现出一种强烈的社会责任。在改革开放新的历史条件下, 中国世界史研究的社会责任, 从根本上要在坚持为人民服 务、为社会主义服务的方向上体现出来。

关键词: 中国世界史研究 中国史学 中国社会科学

Modern Chinese study of world history began in the middle of the nineteenth century and was closely related to the main theme of the times, that of saving the nation from subjugation and ensuring its survival. Its chief feature was that it was attuned to the pulse of the times; in all historical periods, the main current of its research has never deviated from the main theme of the times, showing a strong sense of responsibility to society. Under the new historical conditions of reform and opening up, this sense of social responsibility should be reflected in fundamental adherence to the direction of serving the people and socialism.     

Criminal Law Boundaries for Freedom of Speech in the Online Era*

如何划分宪法赋予公民的言论自由权利与网络时代言论型犯罪的界限，是当下司 法实务面临的重要问题。在言论型犯罪的构造中，应纳入事实与观点二分法、公事 与私事二分法、客观真实与主观真实二分法，将合理确信规则下的”主观真实”作为 踲法阻却事由；基于网络媒介的科技特点与社会属性，网络服务提供者只具备中立义 务，对之不应简单地以共犯理论或不作为犯罪理论予以入罪。在言论型犯罪的诉讼 中，原则上须根据实际或推定的被害人意愿来启动刑事诉讼程序，当言论行为严重危 害社会秩序和国家利益且被害人无法表踡其是否告诉意思时，可直接蹇用公诉程序； “严重危害社会秩序和国家利益”等入罪基准须是现实物理的秩序混乱，且行为人要 对其有故意而无任何正当目的。对跷微言论犯罪不应跷易蹇用有期徒刑的刑罚；信息 网络工具具有很大的生活用途，一般不应没收。     

The stars hang down over the great emptiness of the level plain,and the moon bobs on the running waters of the Great River: thirty years of New Era research on the essay

新时期以来的散文研究已走过了30年的历程。由于种种原因，散文研究一直受到 轻视和责难。本文从作家作品研究、专题性研究、散文史建设和散文理论建构诸方 面，对30年来散文研究进行了全面系统的梳理和评析，并追寻散文研究长期被冷落的 原因。文章认为21世纪的散文研究要走向深入和阔大，必须从三方面用力：其一是要 建立现代意识的散文批评视野；其二是“化西方”与“中国化”；其三是思维方式与 研究方法的改变。这三方面不但是认识和解决当代散文问题的重要维度，而且对散文 研究具有方法论的意义。

关键词: 新时期?散文研究?现代视野?理论建构

New Era research on the essay and other occasional writing already has a history of thirty years. For various reasons, however, such research has consistently been slighted and condemned. This article offers a systematic and comprehensive review and analysis of the last thirty years of research in this field in terms of writers and their works, research on special topics, and the construction of the history and theory of this genre, and explores the reasons why it has been slighted for so long. To deepen and broaden this research in the new century, we must exert ourselves in three areas: first, we must adopt a modern vision of criticism of the essay; second, we must “digest Western theories” and “Sinicize essay writing and research”; and third, we must change our research methods and way of thinking. These three points not only offer an important dimension for understanding and solving contemporary issues relating to the essay, but also have methodological significance for research.     

Environmental Justice in the Context of Scientifi Uncertainty: On the Safety of Genetically Modifi Organisms

应对风险特别是科学不确定性所导致的风险，实现和维护环境正义是当今时代的 一个前沿核心议题。转基因生物安全为代表的科学不确定性背景下的环境正义，需要 建立在相应的科学研究基础之上，但在本质上乃是一种社会构建。对转基因生物技术 及其产品等现代科技的研发、应用和推广等活动，应当维护其市场自由，与此同时， 为了公共安全以及社会弱势群体的最大利益，还应当对相关科技活动进行必要的政府 干预和法律规制。     

Persistence and Change in the Rural Land System of Contemporary China*

当代中国农地制度经历了土地改革、合作化运动、人民公社化和家庭承包经营 等发展阶段。其存续和变迁可以用’黏性生成—黏性稀释?分析框架进行阐释：制 度环境与路径依赖是制度黏性的生成诱因，对农地制度的存续发挥了重要作用；非 正式制度的渗入是稀释制度黏性的关键变量，非正式制度与正式制度之间的互动贯 穿整个制度变迁过程，思想观念和意识形态的变化对正式制度的加强、消解或建构 具有重要影响。     

May Fourth Literary Tradition and the Transformation of Chinese Literature in the 1930s

“五四”作为中国现代文学的开端,是绕不开和说不尽的一个传统和话题。文章 选择从20世纪30年代文学界对五四文学传统的反思入手,通过对五四文学与30年代文 学的阐释和评价,探究其背后所隐含的不同言说目的、方式和观照视角,由此来透视 言说者和评价者基于不同历史阶段所持的不同的文学思路。五四文学秉持的是一种人 文学科的思路,而30年代文学信守的则是一种社会科学的思路,而对于两个时代的不 同阐释和评价以及其间的种种复杂纠葛,在此都可找到准确、合理的解释。另外,通 过30年代与“五四”所持文学思路的差异,还可以反观五四文学传统以及把握30年代 文学的转型,总结五四文学传统和30年代文学传统的经验和教训。

关键词: 五四文学传统?30年代文学?文学转型?人文学科思路?社会科学思路

The May Fourth movement that ushered in China's modern literature constitutes a central and inexhaustible tradition and topic. This paper proceeds from the Chinese literary community's reflections on the May Fourth literary tradition to explore the different aims, methods and perspectives of the May Fourth and 1930s literature through the interpretations and evaluations of each period. May Fourth literature followed a humanist approach while that of the 1930s took a social sciences approach. This point can provide us with a correct and rational explanation of the different interpretations and evaluations of the two periods and their complex entanglement. Furthermore, by examining the differences in approach of the two periods, we can look back over the May Fourth literary tradition and gain a better grasp of the transformation of literature in the 1930s, and thus sum up the experience and lessons of the literary tradition of both periods.     

An evaluative system for restructuring the literary history of modern China

当下的中国处于一个价值多元的时代,以往的建立于进化论、阶级论和启蒙主义 的文学史观也是颇有价值的;但是,进入21世纪,由于“以人为本”与“和谐社会” 目标的提出,也由于社会时空、文学功能和美学趣味的巨大变化,教材型的中国现代 文学史已远不能适应时代、社会和文学的发展需要,因此亟待重建和确立一个更为公 正、平等与合理的价值评估体系。这个评估体系是以人道主义为最高原则,以真、 善、美为三个闪光点,其最大优势是具有普适性、超越性、公正性和人本性的功能特 点。

关键词: 现代中国文学史?评估体系?价值重建?人道主义?真善美和谐统一

China is now in an era of multiple values. While there is some virtue in previous theories on the history of literature based on the theory of evolution, class struggle and the enlightenment, when it comes to the twenty‐first century, the histories of modern Chinese literature used in teaching are far from adequate for meeting the developmental needs of the times, society and literature. This is especially so in view of the putting forward of the goals of “putting people first” and “the harmonious society,” and the great changes taking place in time and space, the function of literature and aesthetic taste. Hence there is an urgent need to restructure this history and establish a more fair, equal and reasonable system of evaluation. Such a system would have humanism as its highest principle, and truth, goodness and beauty as its three virtues. Its great superiority would be its functional characteristics of universality, transcendence, fairness, and human‐centeredness.     

The Development of Early Modern Chinese Economics: Based on Investigation of Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students Studying Abroad in the Late Qing and Republican Periods

在早期移植西方经济理论的过程中, 近代留学生群体对中国现代经济学的产生、 发展起了极其重要的作用。他们一方面运用现代经济理论分析中国经济问题, 促进经 济学的中国化、本土化, 为解决中国经济问题寻求答案; 另一方面敏锐把握经济学发 展的时代脉搏, 勇于创新, 跻身世界经济学学术之林。

关键词: 近代留学生 现代经济学 博士论文

In the initial period of transplanting Western economic theory, Chinese students studying abroad in the late Qing and Republican periods played a very important role in the formation and development of modern Chinese economics. On the one hand, by applying modern economic theory to Chinese economic problems, they sought solutions to these problems and facilitated the Sinicization and localization of economics; on the other, they kept pace with the latest developments in economics and were bold innovators, with some entering the ranks of world famous economists.     

Mao Zedong's Dialectics in the Comparative Perspective of Chinese and Western Modes of Thinking

毛泽东辩证法是中西两种不同文化和思维方式碰撞的产物,其中包含着十分丰厚 的中国传统辩证法元素。这主要体现在毛泽东不仅主张主要矛盾与次要矛盾、主要矛 盾方面与次要矛盾方面的区分,而且更强调主要矛盾与次要矛盾、主要矛盾方面与次 要矛盾方面在一定条件下的互相转化,以及关于矛盾的精髓问题这些西方传统辩证法 所不能容纳的内容。这使得毛泽东的辩证法独树一帜,构成了中西思维方式内含张力 的融合的一种典范。对此典范的深入理解,当能对当代中国哲学的复兴与发展有莫大 的益助。

关键词: 中西思维方式?毛泽东辩证法?西方传统辩证法?矛盾

As the outcome of the encounter of Chinese and Western cultures and modes of thinking, Mao Zedong's dialectics contains considerable elements of traditional Chinese dialectics. Mao advocated differentiation between principal and secondary contradictions and between the principal and secondary aspects of a contradiction; but more importantly, he also emphasized that each can transform into its opposite under certain conditions and attached considerable importance to the “quintessence” of a contradiction, ideas which are alien to traditional Western dialectics. This makes Mao's dialectics distinctive, so that it constitutes a model of the integration (not without tension) of Chinese and Western patterns of thinking. A deeper understanding of this model will be of great benefit to the revival and development of contemporary Chinese philosophy.     

The Positive and the Negative Method and the Spheres of Living: Some Thoughts on Feng Youlan’s Philosophical Method

冯友兰是中国当代最具方法论自觉的一位哲学家。他早年特别强调形上学概念命 题之不涉及内容的形式性意义, 对负的方法范围的界定亦嫌过狭, 这对理解正负方法 的统一内涵造成了一些理论困扰。晚年他据“具体共相”的观念反思其哲学系统, 在 肯定哲学概念范畴形式性的同时, 揭示了它作为把握实在的方式及其思想运动的“特 殊内容”, 实现了理智概念与直觉神秘间的相互包涵与融通。从冯友兰晚年的理论反 思反观其整个哲学系统, 可见其思想的前后一贯。其据具体共相思想对自己的哲学系 统及哲学本性所作新解, 亦是其整个哲学体系的题中应有之义。本此识度, 才能更好 地理解冯友兰哲学方法及其哲学的真精神, 从中获得对中国哲学和文化现代重建的智 慧启迪。

关键词: 冯友兰 正的方法 负的方法 人生境界

Among contemporary Chinese philosophers, Feng Youlan had the greatest degree of methodological self-awareness. In his earlier years, he especially emphasized the formalist meaning (not touching on content) of metaphysical concepts and propositions and defined the negative method too narrowly, leading to some theoretical confusion over the inherent unity of the two methods. In his later years, he employed the concept of the “concrete universal” to reflect on his philosophical system; while affirming the formalism of philosophical conceptual category, he revealed the “peculiar content” of the category as a means of grasping actuality and its intellectual movements, thus realizing the mutual accommodation of rationality and intuition (mystery). A review of Feng’s philosophical system in accordance with the theoretical reflections of his later years will indicate the consistency of his thought throughout his life. His new understanding of his own philosophical system and the nature of philosophy on the basis of the “concrete universal” was the logical outcome of his previous ideas. Only with this in mind will we be able to attain a better understanding of the methodology and true spirit of Feng’s philosophy and draw inspiration for the contemporary reconstruction of Chinese philosophy and culture.     

A Century of Korean Narrative in Chinese Literature

东亚睦邻关系源远流长,近百年来却遭到严峻的挑战。在民族国家的多事之秋,中国文学和中华民族一道承担苦难,思考出路,在关注自己启蒙、救亡、独立和振兴的同时,也关注对自己的命运发生过深刻影响的国际力量,对朝鲜半岛民族国家的关注和认知具有特殊的文化情感和命运体悟。一百多年来,中国文学对朝鲜的认知经历了四个阶段：以朝鲜的亡国为鉴镜,反省危机四伏的中国现状;引朝鲜人民为共同抗敌、休戚与共的战友;在南北朝鲜分裂的局面下,引北方为战友使南方处于缺席状态;在“华风”与“韩流”的互动中,把文学对韩国的认知推向穿透历史、牵连血性的深度。

关键词: 中国文学?朝鲜叙事?鉴镜?互动交流

The harmonious relationship among East Asian countries has a very long history. However, it has faced serious challenges in the past hundred years. In these eventful years for our nation, Chinese literature, like the Chinese people, has endured hardships and pondered ways of extricating the country from its malaise. In addition to being concerned over China's enlightenment, salvation, independence and rejuvenation, writers have also paid considerable attention to important international forces that had a strong influence on their country's fate. Concern over and understanding of the Korean nation had a particular emotional charge and relevance to their own fate. Over the course of a century, Chinese literature's awareness of Korea went through four stages. In the first, Korea's loss of independence served as a mirror of China's own dangerous position, menaced on all sides; in the second, the Korean people were seen as comrades‐in‐arms combating foreign foes; in the third, when the Korean Peninsula was divided, North Koreans continued to be regarded as comrades‐in‐arms while South Korea was not acknowledged; and in the final stage, amidst the interaction between “China style” and the “Korean wave,” Chinese literature's awareness of Korea expanded through a penetrating appreciation of Korean history involving deep ties of courage and uprightness.