考虑顾客行为与零售商公平关切的易逝品定价与供应链协调研究

本文在公平中性的供应商、公平关切的零售商和策略型与短视型顾客并存的供应链下,研究了零售商的最优定价与订货量及供应链的协调.研究发现,公平关切的零售商有提高产品价格和压低订货量的倾向;批发价契约难以实现供应链的协调;收益共享契约能实现供应链的完美协调.论文还讨论了零售商的公平关切程度和利润分享比例对供应商利润、零售商效用及供应链效用的影响.     

供应突发事件下基于CVaR的供应链订货决策及协调

供应突发事件下,引入条件风险值(conditional value at risk-CVa R)刻画了零售商的运营目标,构建了收益共享契约下的供应链订货模型,着重研究了CVa R下的供应链协调及零售商最优订货量对供应商可靠性及对其自身的风险规避系数的敏感性。研究表明:收益共享契约具有一定的鲁棒性,能协调突发事件风险下的供应链;风险规避型零售商的最优订货量总是不小于风险中性情况,且风险规避程度越高,订货量越大;最优订货量对供应商可靠性均值的敏感性不依赖于零售商的风险规避程度,且均值越小,最优订货量越大,这与风险中性情况是类似的;最优订货量对供应商可靠性标准差的敏感性则依赖于零售商的风险规避程度,当零售商的风险规避程度较高时,供应可靠性标准差越大,最优订货量越大,这与风险中性情况是相反的。     

风险厌恶零售商考虑信息预测成本的协调机制

在CVaR风险度量准则下,将信息预测成本作为运营成本之一,建立了风险厌恶的零售商的需求信息预测投入和订货量的联合决策随机模型,研究了风险态度对零售商最优决策的影响.通过分析得出在分散决策下,随着零售商风险厌恶程度的增加,零售商提高信息预测水平,以减小需求不确定风险.同时减少订货量,降低订货过量的风险.证明了在一定条件下,传统的收益共享契约能实现供应链协同,但适用范围较小.由信息预测成本分担与收益共享组成的联合契约可扩大供应链协同的范围,消除风险态度和双重边际对零售商决策行为的影响,使得零售商的需求预测水平和订货量同时达到系统风险中立环境下的最优水平.     

基于风险厌恶的供应链订货时机分析

基于报童模型,在一个由风险厌恶型制造商和零售商组成的供应链中,分析了三种供应链订货时机:预先订货、延迟订货、柔性订货,并调查了风险厌恶对供应链的影响。不同于已有文献关于风险中性的假设,发现由于风险厌恶,在预先订货方式下零售商有最小化订货量的倾向,在延迟订货方式下制造商有最小化生产量的倾向;进一步的分析结果显示在一定条件下零售商将削减订货量至少一半,制造商利润减少至少一半。为此设计了特许费契约进行协调。认为提升企业信心、消除风险厌恶引起的不利影响,在经济萧条时有着非常重要的作用。     

考虑随机市场需求的双渠道供应链风险补偿策略研究——从质量与价格竞争视角

在由两个供应商和单个零售商构成的二级双渠道供应链系统中，分析了随机市场需求以及供应商之间同时存在价格与质量竞争的情形下的双渠道供应链协调问题。在供应链集中决策、无风险补偿及有风险补偿三种情境下，构建了基于质量和价格的风险补偿模型并求得纳什均衡解。研究结果表明：存在可行的需求风险补偿策略使得供应链达到协调水平，并且需求风险补偿策略对零售商更加有利；在需求风险补偿策略下，需求风险补偿价格与其对应批发价格正相关，与其产品质量水平负相关；价格竞争程度对零售商订货量具有负向影响作用，对供应链总利润影响作用随着竞争程度增加而减弱，质量竞争程度对零售商订货量和供应商产品质量水平具有正向影响作用，对供应链总利润影响呈倒U型关系；需求风险补偿策略能够激励零售商的订货行为，强化价格竞争程度和质量竞争程度对供应商订货量和供应链总利润的影响；在供应链系统中双渠道营销模式下的供应链总利润要优于单渠道营销模式下的供应链总利润。本文结论不仅详细剖析了风险补偿策略对双渠道供应链协调的影响关系，也理清了价格与质量竞争对各方行为策略的影响机理。     

损失厌恶下的供应链收益共享契约研究

在决策主体是损失厌恶的假设条件下,研究了离散供应链系统中的最优订购策略,揭示了损失厌恶特性对零售商最优订货量的影响;同时还分析了收益共享契约参数及决策者目标函数之间的关系,发现收益共享契约在损失厌恶下与风险中性情况下的差异;并且结合数值分析方法,对存在差异的原因进行了探讨,研究的结果为决策者在供应链管理过程中的决策提供了参考.     

基于损失厌恶型参与者的易逝品供应链价格补贴契约研究

本文运用前景理论,探讨存在缺货损失情况下由损失厌恶型零售商和损失厌恶型供应商组成的供应链价格补贴契约设计。文章研究供应商为损失厌恶型时,损失厌恶型零售商分别在批发价格契约和价格补贴契约下的订货行为。研究结果表明损失厌恶型零售商在批发价格契约下的最优订货量可能偏离系统最优订货量,损失厌恶型供应商通过价格补贴契约可以协调整个供应链。最后通过算例分析,验证了价格补贴契约在协调供应链中的有效性。     

基于零售商销售努力的风险和模糊规避报童模型研究

本文基于零售商的销售努力研究了一类风险规避与模糊规避报童问题。本文运用最坏情况条件风险值(WCVa R)方法构建了决策模型,得到了零售商订货量及努力水平的最优决策,该决策可完全退化为风险中性及模糊规避型决策,并进一步刻画了风险规避及模糊规避行为对零售商决策和利润的影响。研究发现,虽然风险容忍度越低,零售商的最优订货量越低,但是对于成长性较好的企业,决策者在WCVa R模型中的“风险”及“模糊”双重规避行为并不会导致决策过度保守,甚至在市场需求分布信息不完备的情况下,该模型比模糊中性的CVa R模型有更好的绩效表现。     

产需不确定下基于零售商风险规避的三级供应链组合契约模型

针对产需不确定下单一供应商、制造商和风险规避的零售商组成的三级供应链系统,建立了分散和集中情况下的最优决策模型。通过设计风险共担和GL组合契约实现了三级供应链的协调。讨论了风险规避零售商的最优订购决策,分析了风险规避对供应链期望效益的影响。比较了风险规避和风险中性两种情况下零售商的最优决策。探讨了组合契约的协调问题及契约参数之间的关系。研究表明供应链的期望利润随着产需不确定的增加而减少,风险规避下零售商的期望利润低于风险中性时的期望利润,零售商的期望利润随着风险规避程度的加大而减少,零售商最优订购量随风险规避程度的增加而变化。最后数值算例验证了模型和契约协调的有效性。     

基于融资需求的损失厌恶零售商订货策略及供应链协调

传统的供应链文献研究都假设了供应链系统中有足够的营运资本可供零售商或供应商融资,然而在管理实践中供应链运营经常面临着资金不足等短缺风险。本文在损失厌恶型零售商存在资金短缺的现实情形下,研究了基于融资需求的损失厌恶型零售商订货策略问题。研究发现,一旦零售商自有资金增加,其损失厌恶系数增大使得资本约束零售商的订货量增加;而一旦零售商的损失厌恶系数确定,银行融资利率增大,资金约束零售商的订货量减小。最后,构造了协调供应链的融资成本共担的协调机制,并通过对比分析刻画了融资利率水平能够影响供应链的运营决策,这也为供应链企业资本风险管理实践提供了很强的实践参考价值。     

风险规避型供应链的收益共享机制研究

探讨了由风险规避型零售商与风险规避型供应商组成的两级供应链协作激励问题.首先研究了Stackelberg主从对策模型下风险规避型零售商与风险规避型供应商的决策行为,并分析了双方的风险规避系数对双方决策行为的影响.然后,研究了垂直一体化模型下风险规避型供应链的决策行为,同样分析了双方风险规避系数对供应链决策行为的影响程度.最后,提出采用收益共享契约机制来协调该供应链.并通过数值实验进一步分析供应商与零售商的风险规避系数对双方的决策行为及收益共享系数的影响程度.     

Role of Random Capacity Risk and the Retailer in Decentralized Supply Chains with Competing Suppliers

This research considers a supply chain under the following conditions: (i) two heterogeneous suppliers are in competition, (ii) supply capacity is random and pricing is endogenous, (iii) consumer demand, with and without an intermediate retailer, is price dependent. Specifically, we examine how uncertainty in supply capacity affects optimal ordering and pricing decisions, supplier and retailer profits, and the incentives to reduce such uncertainty. When two suppliers sell through a monopolistic retailer, supply uncertainty not only affects the retailer's diversification strategy for replenishment, but also changes the suppliers’ wholesale price competition and the incentive for reducing capacity uncertainty. In this dual‐sourcing model, we show that the benefit of reducing capacity uncertainty depends on the cost heterogeneity between the suppliers. In addition, we show that a supplier does not necessarily benefit from capacity variability reduction. We contrast this incentive misalignment with findings from the single‐supplier case and a supplier‐duopoly case where both suppliers sell directly to market without the monopolistic retailer. In the latter single‐supplier and duopoly cases, we prove that the unreliable supplier always benefits from reducing capacity variability. These results highlight the role of the retailer's diversification strategy in distorting a supplier's incentive for reducing capacity uncertainty under supplier price competition.     

供应链中具有产能限制的竞争企业中的信息共享研究

本文研究由一个供货商和两个制造商组成的二级供应链中，制造商之间的横向信息共享策略和供应商的定价问题。在模型中，上游供应商同时为下游两家制造商提供价格相同的原材料，下游制造商生产具有替代性的商品进行数量竞争，并受到相同的产能限制。以Cournot博弈为研究手段，求解了制造商的均衡订货决策和信息共享策略，分析比较了在不同的信息共享策略下制造商的利润、供应商的利润和批发价格。本文在研究制造商的信息共享策略时考虑了上游供应商的批发价格的影响。研究表明，当均衡解受到产能约束时，制造商的信息共享策略会反向。在某些情况下，完全信息共享和完全信息不共享都可能成为博弈的占优策略。上游供应商通过调整批发价格可以影响制造商的信息共享决策。该模型为上游供应商提供了一种最优定价策略，也为下游制造商提供了求解自身最优订货量和信息共享决策的方法。     

Uniform vs. Retailer‐Specific Pricing: Incentive Alignment to Enhance Supply Chain Efficiency

We consider a supplier selling to multiple retailers using one of two constant wholesale pricing strategies: a uniform wholesale price (UWP) vs. a retailer‐specific wholesale price (RSWP). In line with the prior literature in economics, our initial finding is that as long as retailers are asymmetric, then (a) the supplier and less efficient retailer would prefer the RSWP strategy and (b) the more efficient retailer would prefer the UWP strategy. By examining the total profits of the supply chain under each pricing strategy, we present a new result: the UWP strategy results in a greater degree of supply chain efficiency as compared to the RSWP strategy. The key intuition driving this result is that by charging a UWP, the supplier signals a fair treatment for downstream retailers, which leads to the more efficient retailer being able to reduce market prices and hence capture a larger share of market demand. Noting that the supplier prefers the RSWP scheme as compared to the UWP scheme, we propose a contract which comprises two components: a UWP per unit complemented with a slotting allowance or side payment. The contract is always preferred by the supplier and also leads to greater supply chain efficiency.     

基于返回策略的供应链网络竞争绩效研究

针对由多个供应商和多个零售商组成的结构可变的供应链网络,分别在零售商之间基于订货量以及价格两种竞争方式下,分析了供应商均不采用返回策略、部分采用返回策略以及均采用返回策略六种情景下供应链网络的竞争绩效。研究发现当零售商基于订货量竞争时,供应商采用协调策略对于其零售商客户及供应链均为占优策略,零售商更换供应商的成本将会影响供应商的收益以及采用协调策略的积极性;当零售商之间基于价格竞争时,返回策略在一定程度上仍能够激励零售商增加订货量,且对供应链渠道的利润绩效及其稳定性均具有一定的改善作用。     

信息禀赋差异下制造商信息获取策略：“躺平”或“进取”

在市场需求信息不对称下，没有需求预测能力的制造商总是需要权衡实施“躺平”策略还是“进取”策略来获取下游零售商拥有的需求信息。本文考虑一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链，通过构建信息对称、信息推测和信息甄别三种情形下的博弈模型，分析了制造商的最优信息获取策略、不同策略和信息禀赋优势对制造商、零售商决策的影响。研究发现，无论零售商信息禀赋优势高或低，对于制造商来说，“躺平”策略为其最优信息获取策略，且在该策略下制造商更倾向于根据零售商的零售价对需求信息进行推测。而对于零售商来说，制造商选择“进取”策略时对其最有利。若制造商选择“躺平”策略，零售商则更倾向于主动披露信息，在该情形下零售商的信息禀赋优势越低对零售商越有利，越高则对制造商越有利。     

Impacts of demand uncertainty on retailer's dominance and manufacturer-retailer supply chain cooperation

Recent studies in marketing and distribution channels have shown that the balance of power between manufacturers and retailers is shifting. Based on this observation, we investigate a two-echelon supply chain with a manufacturer and a retailer in this paper. We first develop retailer-dominant non-cooperative game models by introducing a sensitivity of retailer's order quantity to manufacturer's wholesale price; then we analyze two cooperative scenarios, in which the Nash bargaining model is utilized to implement profit sharing between the manufacturer and the retailer. Under the assumption that the manufacturer and the retailer are risk-neutral, we find that the manufacturer and the retailer can bargain to cooperate at any level of retail-market demand uncertainty with exogenous retail price. However, the cooperation is conditional on retail-market demand uncertainty with endogenous retail price: it can be implemented if the fluctuation of retail-market demand is relatively small, and the measure of retail-market demand uncertainty does not exceed an upper bound. Theoretical and numerical analyses show that the retailer's dominance over the manufacturer increases with the increase in the sensitivity of retailer's order quantity to manufacturer's wholesale price under a limitation of retail-market demand uncertainty. Numerical analyses also show that the retailer's dominance decreases with the increase in retail-market demand uncertainty.     

双渠道零售商和传统零售商的定价策略

在单制造商和两个具有竞争行为零售商的供应链系统中，本文研究了双渠道零售商和传统零售商的定价决策问题。首先，在零售商间进行Stackelberg博弈假设前提下，分别针对双渠道零售商和传统零售商作为领导者的情况，构建了两种模式下的零售商定价决策模型，给出了零售商的最优定价策略；其次，分析了零售商在特定情形下的定价策略；最后，用数值算例分析了模型参数对最优结果的影响。通过对比研究和数值算例分析发现：对于零售商来说，作为Stackelberg的领导者时的总利润要比作为追随者时的总利润大；对于供应商而言，传统渠道的零售商做主导者时的总利润要比双渠道零售商做主导者时的总利润大。     

Vertical cost information sharing in a supply chain with value-adding retailers

We consider a supply chain consisting of one supplier and two value-adding heterogeneous retailers. Each retailer has full knowledge about his own value-added cost structure that is unknown to the supplier and the other retailer. Assuming there is no horizontal information sharing between two retailers, we model the supply chain with a three-stage game-theoretic framework. In the first stage each retailer decides if he is willing to vertically disclose his private cost information to the supplier. In the second stage, given the information he has about the retailers, the supplier announces the wholesale price to the retailers. In response to the wholesale price, in the third stage, the retailers optimize their own retail prices and the values added to the product, respectively. Under certain conditions, we prove the existence of equilibrium prices and added values. Furthermore, we obtain the condition under which both retailers are unwilling to vertically share their private information with the supplier, as well as the conditions under which both retailers have incentives to reveal their cost information to the supplier, thus leading to a win–win situation for the whole supply chain.