基于改进自适应最优分割法的风险预警区间模型研究——针对重大突发公共卫生事件

重大突发公共卫生事件，譬如新型冠状病毒疫情，严重危害着世界各国人民的生命安全，风险预警是构建重大突发公共卫生事件风险预警管控体系的关键所在，而其风险预警区间的精准确定是关乎预警等级的关键问题。基于自适应最优分割模型，引入熵值法计算各指标权重，采用多种函数拟合识别函数特征，构建了改进的自适应最优分割模型，定量科学划分了重大突发公共卫生事件风险预警区间。通过结合实际案例，应用Matlab软件进行仿真，验证了预警区间的吻合度，为构建重大突发公共卫生事件风险预警防控提供了理论参考。     

突发公共卫生事件下的应急运作管理研究

近年来突发公共卫生事件频发,对构建新时期下突发公共卫生事件应急运作管理模式提出了新挑战,产生了探索突发公共卫生事件下应急运作管理规律的新需求。首先,提出突发公共卫生事件的基本概念,指明突发公共卫生事件下应急管理的科学意义和国家战略需求;其次,梳理该领域的国际发展态势及中国发展现状;最后,据此分析和凝练该领域近期主要研究方向和典型科学问题。研究结果表明,突发公共卫生事件下的应急运作管理研究主要内容包括：突发公共卫生事件的风险源识别、演化规律、传播预测模型和预警方法,基于数字孪生技术的公共卫生事件控制理论和策略,应急管理多主体、多因素耦合理论和策略,应急物资生产管理和调度,应急物资储备管理和策略,应急物资物流配送体系构建及优化,应急物资供需匹配及供应链理论。     

突发公共卫生事件协同防控策略的随机演化决策分析

频繁发生的突发公共卫生事件给国家和人民的生命财产带来了严峻挑战,加强对突发公共卫生事件的协同防控成为社会治理中的重要议题。针对突发公共卫生事件中地方政府和社会公众策略互动与行为演化过程中的高度不确定性问题,构建突发公共卫生事件协同防控随机演化博弈模型,分析地方政府和社会公众的演化稳定策略和演化过程。研究发现,地方政府比社会公众演化至稳定策略的速度更快;随机干扰因素会减缓地方政府和社会公众演化至稳定策略的速度;当疫情扩散概率逐渐升高时,对地方政府策略改变的影响较大,其次为社会公众;随着对地方政府和社会公众惩罚系数逐渐加大,地方政府和社会公众更倾向于选择（积极防控,自愿隔离）策略,并且地方政府对惩罚的反应更为强烈。文章所构建的突发公共卫生事件协同防控随机演化决策模型为突发公共卫生事件的科学预防提供理论参考和现实依据。     

从机构职能配置入手完善突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系建设

突发公共卫生事件具有传播的广泛性、危害的复杂性和治理的综合性等突出特征,应急体系既需要先进的诊疗条件和科研技术“硬件”支撑,也需要一套科学、高效、协同的应急响应机制互为“软件”驱动。文章立足我国机构编制管理工作的实际,深入分析目前我国突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系建设存在的不足,从机构职能配置出发,探讨构建科学、高效、协同的突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系的现实途径。     

基于Heston模型时间一致的资产负债管理鲁棒策略

本文在非完备市场框架下，研究了时间一致的鲁棒最优投资组合选择问题。首先，假设金融市场由无风险资产和风险资产构成，其中风险资产的价格过程服从Heston随机波动率模型，且投资者面临一个不可控的外生负债。其次，应用随机最优控制理论，给出并证明了验证定理，建立了相应的拓展Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman(HJB)方程组，通过求解拓展的HJB方程组，得到了鲁棒均衡投资策略和值函数的显式解。最后，通过数值模拟，给出了模型参数变动对均衡投资策略和效用改善的影响。结果表明：(1) 当风险资产的价格和其波动的相关系数大于零时，股票方差的波动越大，越不利于投资。否则反之。(2) 当风险资产的价格和其波动的相关系数越大时，风险资产的风险就越大，投资者会采取保守的投资策略，减少投资。(3) 负债的波动率变大，投资者会面临更大的负债风险，为了对冲风险，投资者会增加风险资产的投资。(4) 当投资者考虑模型不确定的影响时，采用鲁棒投资策略能显著提高投资者的效用水平。     

电子市场环境下供应链运作的鲁棒优化模型

本文研究了电子市场环境下的供应链运作问题,提出了不确定环境下的鲁棒优化模型.这一研究的实质是在外界需求最差条件下,如何得到电子市场中供应链最优供应量的策略.文中采用区间方法,设计供应链运作的鲁棒最优策略.进一步,在电子市场不确定环境下,进行了鲁棒策略仿真工作,结果表明鲁棒策略能为决策者提供最坏情况下供应商提供产品数量的鲁棒解决方案.     

城市突发公共卫生事件的循证治理机制研究

城市突发公共卫生事件的治理是城市公共管理、城市治理体系和治理能力现代化建设的重要工作之一。在分析我国现有突发公共卫生事件治理体系及存在问题的基础上,构建了循证治理的理论框架,并从循证治理的证据、公共价值和领导力三要素出发,总结突发公共卫生事件的循证治理过程,包括循证防控期、循证预警期、循证控制期和事后循证重建期四个过程,围绕循证治理过程中证据的生产、传播和应用,总结突发公共卫生事件的循证治理机制。以2019年新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情的早期治理过程为案例,对疫情防控过程中证据的生产、传播和使用过程进行实证研究。研究结果表明,COVID-19疫情的早期证据质量被高估,决策者的公共价值导向和决策者的领导力还有待提升。最后从构建循证治理的证据平台角度出发,提出优化突发公共卫生事件循证治理的若干政策建议。     

医院突发公共卫生事件应急管理现状及应对路径

在全球突发公共卫生事件呈上升趋势的背景下,医院作为突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系的重要成员,应该发挥其在资源方面的优势,与其他部门相互协作,快速发现突发公共卫生事件的预兆,快速采取管理措施对突发公共卫生事件进行控制,共同推进突发公共卫生事件应急管理。本文将介绍医院突发公共卫生事件的应急管理原则,分析医院在应急管理方面的问题并提出可行的工作对策。     

基于似然估计的零售商库存鲁棒均值-风险模型

针对具有风险厌恶的零售商,建立了权衡期望利润和条件风险值（CVaR）的均值-风险库存优化模型,给出了离散需求分布不确定条件下能实现帕累托最优但具有较高保守性和非帕累托最优但具有较低保守性的两种鲁棒对应。针对不确定需求分布,在仅知历史需求样本数据情况下,应用统计推断理论构建了满足一定置信水平的基于似然估计的需求概率分布不确定集。在此基础上,运用拉格朗日对偶理论,将上述两种鲁棒对应模型转化为易于求解的凹优化问题,并证明了其与原问题的等价性。最后,针对实际案例进行了数值计算,分析了不同系统参数和样本规模对零售商最优库存决策及其运作绩效的影响,并给出了零售商期望利润和条件风险值两个目标权衡的帕累托有效前沿。结果表明,采用基于似然估计的鲁棒优化方法得到的零售商库存策略具有良好鲁棒性,能够有效抑制需求分布不确定性对零售商库存绩效的影响。而且,历史需求样本规模越大,鲁棒库存策略下的零售商运作绩效越接近最优情况。进一步,通过对比发现,两种鲁棒对应模型虽然保守性不同,但在最终库存策略上保持一致。     

高校突发公共卫生事件应急管理探析

近年来,随着高校各类突发公共卫生事件频繁发生,如何有效应对突发公共卫生事件愈显迫切。本文从高校突发公共卫生事件应急管理入手,分析当前应急管理中存在的问题,并从应急管理组织体系、应急预案、保障机制、恢复评价、法律法规方面提出对策建议,为应对高校突发公共卫生事件提供一些借鉴。     

基于公众偏好大数据分析的大群体应急决策质量动态演化研究

针对突发事件大群体应急决策质量及其影响因素的问题，探讨了公众参与视角下突发事件演化的全生命周期，以及各阶段下公众风险感知对应急决策质量的影响，并以“8·12天津港爆炸”为背景案例进行分析。首先，阐述了公众偏好大数据的获取及处理方式，并以此对“8·12天津港爆炸”案例的公众偏好大数据进行预处理和可视化；其次，通过TF-IDF算法提取并量化公众风险感知，建立大群体应急决策质量打分函数，衡量不同阶段的应急决策质量；最后，基于“8·12天津港爆炸”案例的微博数据进行大群体应急决策质量的动态演化分析，得出研究结论和启示。实证表明，所提的模型与方法具有较新颖的研究视角，能够为大数据背景下的应急响应和政府决策提供理论支持和方法辅助。     

Anticipating or Accommodating to Public Concern? Risk Amplification and the Politics of Precaution Reexamined

Regulatory use of the precautionary principle (PP) tends to be broadly characterized either as a responsible approach for safeguarding against health and environmental risks in the face of scientific uncertainties, or as “state mismanagement” driven by undue political bias and public anxiety. However, the “anticipatory” basis upon which governments variably draw a political warrant for adopting precautionary measures often remains ambiguous. Particularly, questions arise concerning whether the PP is employed preemptively by political elites from the “top down,” or follows from more conventional democratic pressures exerted by citizens and other stakeholders from the “bottom up.” This article elucidates the role and impact of citizen involvement in the precautionary politics shaping policy discourse surrounding the U.K. government's “precautionary approach” to mobile telecommunications technology and health. A case study is presented that critically reexamines the basis upon which U.K. government action has been portrayed as an instance of anticipatory policy making. Findings demonstrate that the use of the PP should not be interpreted in the preemptive terms communicated by U.K. government officials alone, but also in relation to the wider social context of risk amplification and images of public concern formed adaptively in antagonistic precautionary discourse between citizens, politicians, industry, and the media, which surrounded cycles of government policy making. The article discusses the sociocultural conditions and political dynamics underpinning public influence on government anticipation and responsiveness exemplified in this case, and concludes with research and policy implications for how society subsequently comes to terms with the emergence and precautionary governance of new technologies under conflict.     

后疫情时期中国人力资源管理的转型与变革——第9届中国人力资源管理论坛述评

为积极应对后疫情时期中国企业组织与人力资源管理的变革趋势,推动中国人力资源管理及组织行为研究领域的理论创新和实践发展,在安徽大学召开了第9届中国人力资源管理论坛。本届论坛以“应变局·迎挑战·促发展:后疫情时期中国人力资源管理的转型与变革”为主题,与会学者围绕论坛主题就数字经济背景下的领导力与领导行为、远程办公情境下的员工行为干预、应对重大突发事件的组织变革与能力建设、组织韧性与组织免疫力、员工工作行为与绩效等若干热点问题进行了广泛交流,并对后疫情时期我国人力资源管理的转型与变革进行了深入研讨。     

不确定需求下考虑资金约束的生鲜农产品政府补贴策略

针对需求不确定环境下政府如何对生鲜农产品供应链进行补贴的问题,在考虑财政资金的约束下,分别构建了无政府补贴、采购补贴和销售补贴三种情形下的博弈模型。通过对比分析得出了政府的最优补贴策略,并分析了补贴策略对生鲜供应链最优决策的影响,最后用数值算例进一步说明了不同补贴策略对不同类型生鲜农产品的影响。研究发现,补贴策略的选择与财政预算密切相关。在财政预算充裕时,两种补贴策略都有效且可行,都能平抑物价、增加供给、拉动需求;从改善社会整体福利的角度,采购补贴为最优策略;从补贴资金效率的角度,销售补贴为最优策略。在销售补贴预算充裕而采购补贴预算存在缺口时,销售补贴为最优策略。在财政预算不足时,政府的最优策略就是不干涉市场的运营。     

Communicating with the Public About Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attacks: Results from a Survey Experiment on Factors Influencing Intention to “Run,Hide, Tell” in the United Kingdom and Denmark

Effective risk communication is an integral part of responding to terrorism, but until recently, there has been very little pre‐event communication in a European context to provide advice to the public on how to protect themselves during an attack. Following terrorist attacks involving mass shootings in Paris, France, in November 2015, the U.K. National Police Chiefs’ Council released a Stay Safe film and leaflet that advises the public to “run,” “hide,” and “tell” in the event of a firearms or weapons attack. However, other countries, including Denmark, do not provide preparedness information of this kind, in large part because of concern about scaring the public. In this survey experiment, 3,003 U.K. and Danish participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: no information, a leaflet intervention, and a film intervention to examine the impact of “Run, Hide, Tell” advice on perceptions about terrorism, the security services, and intended responses to a hypothetical terrorist firearms attack. Results demonstrate important benefits of pre‐event communication in relation to enhancing trust, encouraging protective health behaviors, and discouraging potentially dangerous actions. However, these findings also suggest that future communications should address perceived response costs and target specific problem behaviors. Cross‐national similarities in response suggest this advice is suitable for adaptation in other countries.     

Einfluss von Vorgesetzten, T?tigkeit, Arbeitsbedingungen und variabler Besoldung auf die Motivation von Mitarbeitern im ?ffentlichen Dienst

This paper analyses the effects of four main influence factors on motivation of public personnel. These influence factors are “superior”, “job satisfaction”, “work environment”, and “variable wages”. I analyse the four factors by using a structural equation model with empirical data. My focus lies on the complex interdependencies of influence factors among each other. There is empirical evidence that the influence factor “job satisfaction” plays a decisive role in public service motivation. Moreover, the influence factors “work environment” and “variable wage” have a quite low direct effect on motivation. Surprisingly, the influence factor “superior” has an strong effect on “job satisfaction” and on “variable wages”.     

Risk Policies in the United States: Definition and Characteristics Based on a Scoping Review of the Literature

The concept of “risk policy” is used with increasing frequency by decisionmakers, researchers, and the media. However, there is no precise, generally accepted definition of what is covered by policies in this area. Based on a scoping review of the literature published in key journals in the sector, we have identified the main characteristics of public risk policies drawn up and implemented in the United States. The sample comprised 21 articles published in six multidisciplinary journals between 2000 and 2010.     

Danger control and fear control during public health emergencies: Considering the roles of fear and hope in the EPPM across different levels of trust

Public health emergencies pose considerable threats to global health and safety. The control of these emergencies requires the efforts of healthcare professionals and calls for the public to take protective actions. The present study not only puts fear back in the extended parallel process model (EPPM) but also considers another similarly productive emotion: hope. We examined the mechanisms behind the effects of four cognitive perceptions on protective actions (i.e., danger control) and information avoidance (i.e., fear control). A national online survey was conducted with 1676 participants during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China from February 1 to 29, 2020. The results revealed that perceived severity and susceptibility could lead to fear, positively affecting protective actions. On the other hand, perceived response efficacy and self-efficacy induced hope, which was positively associated with protective actions but negatively associated with information avoidance. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind the relationships among cognitions, emotions, and behaviors varied across levels of trust in healthcare systems.