考虑参照依赖与产品展示的体验式商品定价与订购策略

消费者在购买体验式商品时面临着产品价值的不确定性,因而会产生参照依赖行为。本文研究了考虑消费者参照依赖行为的定价与订购问题,并分析了产品展示策略的影响。研究发现,给定产品满足率时,只有当消费者获得高价值的概率大于某个临界值时,参照依赖下的最优价格才会高于没有参照依赖下的最优价格,并且产品价值维度与产品价格维度的参照依赖对最优价格起着相反的作用。进一步给出了最优订购量满足的条件,并发现在一定条件下最优价格随着订购量的增大而增大。当企业采取产品展示策略之后,会产生两方面的效应,一是消费者数量减少,二是剩余消费者的保留价格增大,此时最优价格随着展示系数的增大而增大。最后,通过数值分析得到了更多的管理启示。     

诱导性信息对消费者选择的折中效应的影响

为了考察消费者处于诱导性信息环境下的选择结果,通过2个实验发现,即使当消费者面对各种诱导性信息时,依然会在消费选择中表现出折中效应。但是,如果改变呈现诱导性信息的方式,使消费者在中性信息环境下自主做出选择,再呈现诱导信息,则可以系统性地弱化折中效应,从而改变消费者的选择偏好。     

考虑消费者双通道心理账户和参照依赖的动态定价问题研究

为分析消费者双通道心理账户及参照依赖行为对企业长期利润的影响,本文探讨了在一般支付、提前支付及延迟支付方案下的动态定价问题。采用了离散时间动态规划分析思路,讨论了两周期模型在不同支付方案下最优价格、最优利润的关系,进一步将动态定价行为扩展到了无限期的情形,分析了在各种支付方案下的稳态价格,结果表明当需求函数是线性时,提前支付与延迟支付下的稳态价格要大于一般支付下的稳态价格;当初始参考价格较高(较低)时,最优价格策略类似于撇脂定价策略(渗透定价策略)。最后通过数值分析,比较了双通道心理账户各参数对不同支付方案长期总利润的影响,并总结了厂商如何选择最优支付方案以获取更高利润的建议。该思路对基于行为的动态定价研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于价格参考效应的消费者需求与产品定价模型

首先简要回顾了价格参考效应研究的相关文献。在此基础上，本文建立了包含价格参考效应的消费者需求和产品定价模型，并给出了模型的解。最后探讨了价格参考效应对企业产品定价的影响和相关的建议。     

考虑消费者参照效应与策略行为的多产品动态定价

在考虑客户同时表现出参照依赖和策略行为的场景下,本文构建了一个垄断厂商两阶段的多产品动态定价模型。该模型将易逝品的销售分为正常价格阶段和促销价格阶段,每个阶段又分为多期。客户分为短视型和策略型,其中策略型客户会根据两个阶段价格的差异和获得商品的概率,决定是在第一阶段和等到第二阶段购买商品。基于随机动态规划的结构属性和超模理论,得到了两个阶段稳态价格的解析解,并且证明最优价格路径是单调且随着初始参照价格变化而变化。最后,通过对两种产品的数值实验,分析了各种参数对最优稳态价格的影响。结果显示,零售商可以采取多产品联合定价策略,即基于商店水平的定价策略,并通过调整核心产品的比重来获得更高的利润。     

考虑参照依赖的企业合作创新演化博弈分析

合作创新具有实现资源互补,降低创新风险,提高创新成功可能性的优势,但是在实践中企业间的合作关系却难以保持稳定性。本文基于有限理性假设,改变传统的期望效用理论,引入前景理论中的参照点概念,分析创新主体的效用,构建合作创新博弈收益感知矩阵,并基于该矩阵对合作创新博弈双方的行为进行演化博弈分析,为保持合作创新的持续性提出建议。研究表明,企业对创新收益的感知价值、合作创新成本、收益分配和成本分担等因素是合作稳定性的重要影响因素,增强企业对长期的战略性合作创新收益的感知,引导企业建立正确的创新风险认知,控制合作创新的交易成本等措施将有利于增强合作创新的稳定性。     

消费者选择的Multinomial Logit模型及其应用——以我国轿车市场为例

本文运用Multinomial logit(MNL)模型研究消费者在选择产品过程中其个人特征对消费者选择某个特定因素作为首选因素的影响以及相应的边际影响效果.通过对我国轿车消费者购买选择的实证研究结果表明MNL模型能够很好的反映轿车消费者个人特征和消费者购车时选择特定的因素作为首选因素的关系;实证结果发现消费者选择的首选因素会随着消费者个人特征的不同而发生变化.     

高管薪酬契约、参照点效应及其治理效果:基于行为经济学的理论解释与经验证据

本文基于行为经济学视角的理论阐释,利用中国A股2004-2011年数据实证检验了高管薪酬契约的参照点效应及其治理后果。研究结果表明:(1)我国上市公司高管薪酬契约呈现明显的参照点效应,即上市公司高管薪酬显著受到同行业、本地区高管薪酬均值等外部参照基准的影响;(2)薪酬契约参照点效应引发的主观心理感知对企业高管的在职消费和主动离职行为等都有重要影响,具体来讲,当高管薪酬水平低于同行业、本地区高管薪酬均值时,企业高管将产生自我利益被侵蚀的消极心理感知,进而导致他们通过在职消费途径寻求替代性激励补偿的动机显著增强;同时,企业高管发生主动离职行为的概率也明显增强。     

基于参照依赖实验的公平偏好性质探究——来自中国情境下的实验证据

国内外已有的关于公平偏好的研究主要集中于获取人们普遍存在公平偏好心理的证据,尚缺乏对公平偏好固有性质的深入挖掘。本文借鉴Andreoni等的研究方法,设计了参照依赖实验,规范组织实施了多场次可控实验,探索了公平偏好的性质特征。实验结果显示人们的同情偏好呈现敏感性递减的变化规律且不存在拐点,而嫉妒偏好和自豪偏好均呈现先敏感性递减后经过拐点敏感性递增的变化规律;通过拟合公平偏好的函数表达式,分析其数学性质和经济学属性,发现嫉妒偏好的边际效用几乎是同情偏好的10倍,解决了将公平偏好因子引入传统的委托-代理模型的合理性问题,修正了传统的委托-代理模型。     

Emergence of Industries: A Review and Future Directions

This paper reviews the literature on the emergence of industries and the theoretical and methodological approaches employed. The analysis reveals that industry emergence can be depicted as a three‐stage process. In the first, initial stage, a disruption to the existing industrial order triggers the second, the co‐evolutionary stage, which includes four sub‐processes related to developments in technology, markets, activity networks and industry identity. The convergence of these sub‐processes leads to the third stage, a growth stage and the birth of a new industry. While these three stages and the four sub‐processes are well covered in the literature, the authors find that there is a lack of understanding in terms of the transitions between the stages, the interactions and interdependencies between sub‐processes and moderating factors of industry emergence. Future research can bridge these gaps by exploring the different origins and initial conditions of industries, the processes and interactions in the earliest stages of industry emergence, and the role of facilitating and managing industry emergence. This implies a shift in the research focus from the industries that have emerged to the nascent processes of emergence.     

Introduction to Innovation WITHIN and ACROSS Borders: A Review and Future Directions

Innovation is an integral part of every firm's ongoing operations. While new product and service creation is an essential task to ensure a firm's immediate success in the marketplace, process and supply chain innovations can also create a unique source of competitive advantage for the future. Encouraging innovative thinking, developing new innovations, and managing the processes by which those innovations are developed are critical aspects of today's firm. Consequently, research which aids in the creation and maintenance of innovative firms is an important topic of inquiry for research communities on innovation management, including the operations management and information systems communities. We review the literature in this important area and offer suggestions for future research on the following topics: innovation within a firm and across the supply chain, technology management, and new product and service development.     

Religion and Organization: A Critical Review of Current Trends and Future Directions

Given the profound role that religion continues to play in contemporary societies, it is surprising that management researchers have not explored the intersection between religion and organization in a more meaningful and determined way. This may be because religion is considered too far removed from the commercial organizations that form the empirical focus of much work in the discipline, or simply because it is deemed too sensitive. Whatever the reason, the upshot is that we know relatively little about the dynamics of religious organizational forms or the influence of these forms (and the values and practices that underpin them) on broader social processes and other kinds of organization. This paper is designed to highlight the potential of religion as a domain of study in management and to provide concrete suggestions for taking forward research in this area. The paper consists of three parts. I begin by reviewing some of the key literature in the sociology of religion and religious organizations. I then evaluate the existing literature on religion and organization, noting the salient contributions to date and highlighting some of the issues raised by this body of work. In the third and final main section, I suggest promising directions for future research.     

Electronic Data Interchange: Research Review and Future Directions*

For nearly two decades, electronic data interchange (EDI) has been widely viewed as a technology pivotal to supply chain management that has also provided benefits to firms on multiple levels. Despite a substantial body of literature, there are a number of conflicting and inconclusive research results in this field. In this study, we synthesize the diverse body of research in EDI by organizing the literature into an initial theoretical framework. Based on a meta‐analysis of results from the empirical literature, we seek to clarify conflicting results from the literature in order to develop a more unified theoretical framework of contextual variables associated with EDI adoption factors and outcomes. From a managerial standpoint, our literature‐based framework offers a set of guidelines for making successful EDI adoption and implementation decisions.     

Understanding the Self‐initiated Expatriate: A Review and Directions for Future Research

The study of self‐initiated expatriates (SIEs) has gained pace in the last decade, focusing on these individuals, their motivations, their behaviours and their relevance to the global workforce. Published works produced between 1996 and 2011 are reviewed. A thematic analysis indicates that key topics of focus in current research cover: characteristics of the self‐initiated and their work‐related experiences and management; comparative studies of company‐backed versus self‐initiated expatriation and the self‐initiated as global talent flow. This paper identifies a need for clarification of the construct of SIEs, expands on the theoretical perspectives used to examine SIEs and offers a framework to facilitate coherence in the direction of future research and the application of knowledge to practice in this field of study.     

A Review of Political Skill: Current Research Trend and Directions for Future Research

This paper reviews theoretical and empirical research on the use of political skill in organizations and proposes some agendas for future research. Although political skill is a relatively new construct in organizational politics research, a large number of theoretical and empirical studies have been conducted. Five major themes were identified in previous research. These are: (a) definition and measurement of political skill; (b) political skill and stress management; (c) political skill and career success; (d) political skill and individual performance; and (e) political skill and leadership effectiveness. This review critically examines previous empirical studies in light of this theoretical background and points out that, although previous empirical studies support the theoretically assumed effects of political skills, they fail to confirm how and why these skills bring about these effects. Based on this examination, the author suggests the examination of mediators and dimensional differences derived from theory that can lead to more effective exploration of the impact of political skill. In addition, several issues for future research are proposed, which may provide useful insights for both literature and practice.     

Capacity Management in Health Care Services: Review and Future Research Directions*

Health care has undergone a number of radical changes during the past five years. These include increased competition, fixed-rate reimbursement systems, declining hospital occupancy rates, and growth in health maintenance organizations and preferred provider organizations. Given these changes in the manner in which health care is provided, contracted, and paid for, it is appropriate to review the past research on capacity management and to determine its relevance to the changing industry. This paper provides a review, classification, and analysis of the literature on this topic. In addition, future research needs are discussed and specific problem areas not dealt with in the previous literature are targeted.     

多维动态用户最优出行选择的变分不等式模型

针对出行行为的出行模式,出发时间/路径选择三个方面,建立了基于路段的理想动态用户最优的变分不等式模型,该模型将用户的出行方案制定和实施作为一个整体进行考虑,表明了在满足动态用户最优选择条件下,交通流在出行模式、出发时间和出行路径上取得一致的动态均衡性,通过必要性和充分性的论证,得到了变分不等式模型和动态用户最优出行模式/出发时间/路径选择均衡条件的等价性,对模型解的存在惟一性成立需要满足的条件作了讨论,提出了求解的嵌套对角化算法,在此基础上,使用一个简单算例对模型进行了验证.     

Identification and Review of Sensitivity Analysis Methods

Identification and qualitative comparison of sensitivity analysis methods that have been used across various disciplines, and that merit consideration for application to food-safety risk assessment models, are presented in this article. Sensitivity analysis can help in identifying critical control points, prioritizing additional data collection or research, and verifying and validating a model. Ten sensitivity analysis methods, including four mathematical methods, five statistical methods, and one graphical method, are identified. The selected methods are compared on the basis of their applicability to different types of models, computational issues such as initial data requirement and complexity of their application, representation of the sensitivity, and the specific uses of these methods. Applications of these methods are illustrated with examples from various fields. No one method is clearly best for food-safety risk models. In general, use of two or more methods, preferably with dissimilar theoretical foundations, may be needed to increase confidence in the ranking of key inputs.