残疾人按比例就业制度的国际比较观察与本土优化路径

残疾人按比例就业制度在我国实施30余年,其在促进残疾人就业方面效果不彰,主要由于制度总体较为简单粗糙且法密度低、社会对残疾人的认知以医疗模式为主、雇主注重雇佣轻度残疾者以完成雇佣比例、公共部门没有起到应有的表率作用、残疾人就业保障金存在一定的排挤效应。为此,可以从受益对象、义务主体、雇佣比例以及制裁和激励措施等细部规则考察比较域外国家的相关经验,以探寻残疾人按比例就业制度中的常见问题和解决这些问题的替代方法。在此基础上,可以从提升立法的操作性和共识性、确保残疾人权利主体地位、促进重度残疾人融合就业、强化公共部门责任、推动残疾人就业保障金的弹性化征收与使用等方面优化我国残疾人按比例就业制度。     

基于柯式模型的残疾人就业培训效果评估

为及时发现现有残疾人就业培训体系的不足,从而在理论上和实践上提供有针对性的对策建议,本文在柯式模型的基础上,将全国范围内参加就业培训或接受就业支持的残疾人作为研究对象,以问卷法和访谈法相结合的方式收集数据,经由专家评价和统计处理后编制出残疾人就业培训效果评估问卷,并进一步探索年龄、婚姻状况、地域和就业形式等显著影响残疾人培训效果的因素.此外,研究还发现就业培训效果与残疾人培训满意度、月收入显著正相关;而除了农业户口种养殖就业形式的残疾人以外,八种就业形式和无就业残疾人的培训满意度与培训效果总均分均存在显著正相关.     

公共部门率先招录残疾人按比例就业研究——以广东省为例

按比例就业是我国残疾人就业的一项基本制度.公共部门率先招录残疾人实现按比例就业有利于促进残疾人进入劳动力市场.本文基于公共部门性质的理论视角,发现广东省公共部门率先招录残疾人按比例就业已经有所推进,但是不同公共部门率先招录残疾人就业面临的多样性问题、个人因素与制度因素的多重制约和公共部门内在困境阻碍等仍然使残疾人按比例就业难以有效推进.因此,提出发挥政府职能部门统筹联动作用,加强各部门与残联的联系,完善残疾人就业培训服务体系,促进残疾人自身能力提升以适应社会需要及推动对残疾人干部的招录和培养,挖掘适应残疾人的工作岗位等政策建议.     

从庇护性就业到支持性就业 ——对广东省残疾人工作整合型社会企业的多个案研究

为适应经济社会的转型发展和残疾人多层次的就业与康复需求,我国残疾人就业模式日益多元化。作为一种新兴的残疾人就业模式,工作整合型社会企业旨在为残疾人提供支持性就业,以促进残疾人的社会融合。作为一种新兴的组织类型,工作整合型社会企业兼具市场、社会与政府三重维度的混合价值取向,致力于运用市场机制解决残疾人所面临的社会问题。工作整合型社会企业在创新残疾人就业模式、促进残疾人社会融合、增加残疾人经济收入、提升残疾人康复服务等方面有着积极作用,但其发展仍处于初级阶段,在专业人员培养、商业运营能力、目标人群覆盖面、政策扶持及法律保障等方面面临不少挑战。整体而言,工作整合型社会企业及其倡导的支持性就业与"重康复、轻就业"的庇护性就业模式并非全然排斥,而是一种相辅相成、前后相继的共融关系,共同塑造我国残疾人就业的多元格局。     

城乡分割视野下残疾人的就业现状、成因 及其差异效应

城乡残疾人的就业,事关全面建成小康社会目标的实现,厘清城乡残疾人就业率系统差异是重要前提。基于第五轮"中国居民收入调查"数据,采用Probit模型分析显示已婚、自评健康良好、未参与最低生活保障、具备党员身份的男性残疾人比其他残疾人群体就业状况更好。但农村残疾人潜在工作经验就业回报的效应强于对城镇残疾人的作用;城镇残疾人群的教育和最低生活保障就业效应存在显著的性别差异,但在农村残疾人群上述变量的性别差异效应不显著。因此,应积极制定差异化的城乡人力资本政策,加强对城乡残疾居民就业的政治引导和社会支持,健全城乡残疾人全面康复服务保障,完善城乡残疾人最低生活保障制度。     

思想政治工作在残疾人就业工作匹配运用研究

在和谐社会发展的进程中,残疾人这类特殊群体逐渐受到了人们的重视。残疾人就业是残疾人事业发展的关键,也是当前坚持以人为本构建社会主义和谐社会的重要环节。残疾人因其身体存在不足或缺陷,所以在就业与工作上困难重重。思想政治教育工作的有效开展,是改善残疾人心态的有效方法之一,有助于提升其综合素质,使其获得更多的就业机会。对思想政治工作在残疾人职业训练、就业工作中的有效应用的探究十分重要。     

残疾人就业辅导员的核心工作能力研究

就业辅导员的核心工作能力是其在支持性就业服务中履行工作职责、胜任工作岗位、实现工作目标所应具备的主要能力,是专业知识、技能和态度的集中体现,也是帮助残疾人成功实现就业的关键因素,具有综合性、规范性及可操作性的特征。本文采用工作职责分析法和归纳法等方法,对就业辅导员应具备工作能力的主要内容进行了分析,认为其核心工作能力包括评估能力、分析能力、沟通能力、实践能力和应变能力。针对我国就业辅导员工作能力培养的困境,作者建议从设计职前培养方案、构建在职培训体系、完善工作考核制度及规划职业发展路径四方面着手加强培养,以期为我国就业辅导员队伍的专业化建设提供参考。     

跆拳道运动员大学毕业后就业方向的研究

本文运用文献资料法、调查法、访谈法、统计法等研究方法,以哈尔滨体育学院跆拳道本科毕业生为研究对象,通过对毕业生就业意向和就业现状进行调查研究,分析影响跆拳道运动员就业的主要因素并找出相应对策。希望为我院跆拳道专项毕业生的就业提供一定参考依据,使我院跆拳道运动员毕业后能够更好地适应当前的就业环境,提高就业竞争力,最终提高就业质量。     

残疾人就业现状与对策分析

残疾人就业工作是社会和谐发展的重要组成部分,关系到社会稳定进步与国家长治久安。我国残疾人就业现状不容乐观,15岁以上的就业比例仅为31%,达到就业年龄并且有就业能力却没有工作的残疾人多达858万左右。原因是残疾人受教育水平低,自身能力素质偏差,残疾人服务机构功能不完善,因此要加强政府引导,加快残疾人服务机构完善建设,提升残疾人自身素质,以促进残疾人就业率。     

残疾人职业技能培训现状与对策分析

残疾人作为社会中的弱势群体,其就业将面对巨大的压力与障碍。长期以来,残疾人的就业问题一直是社会关注的热点。为提升残疾人专业技能,完善残疾人服务事业,各地残疾人机构有计划地开展残疾人职业技能培训以更好地帮助残疾人提升就业竞争力与市场变化的适应能力。目前在残疾人职业技能培训方面仍存在一些问题,只有加大宣传与动员力度,改进培训科目,丰富培养模式,才能彻底改善残疾人职业技能培训。     

Barriers to employment as experienced by disabled people: a qualitative analysis in Calgary and Regina,Canada

Public policies stress greater inclusion of disabled people in the labour market and suggest ways to implement accommodative measures to these ends. Often missing from this literature is the experiences of disabled people in labour markets. This article reports results from a qualitative study conducted in 2005 and 2006 consisting of one‐to‐one and focus group interviews with 56 disabled individuals participating in employment training programmes in Calgary and Regina, Canada. Findings suggest the presence of workplace and employer discrimination and labelling as primary factors impeding respondents’ success in securing and maintaining employment in the labour market. The 56 respondents provide strong evidence that perceptions of disability have a greater impact on their inability to maintain and secure employment than does the lack of accommodative practices and measures in the workplace.     

Adults with cystic fibrosis and barriers to employment

Existing research on cystic fibrosis (CF) tends to view CF as a long‐term medical condition of childhood, thus reinforcing the mistaken view that few children with CF survive into adulthood. Despite the fact that people with CF are increasingly living into older age there has been little research into the employment of adults with CF. Those studies which have been undertaken portray CF as a ‘serious illness’ which causes employment problems. In contrast, this paper discusses findings from a study which explored the employment experiences of adults with CF from a social model perspective. The findings reveal barriers to employment which are similar to those experienced by other disabled people, as well as barriers related to the ‘impairment effects’ of CF. The authors conclude that adults with CF have valuable perspectives to contribute to social model analysis and the development of employment‐related policy solutions.     

Barriers to employment: voices of physically disabled rural women in Thailand

Employment is an essential activity that can generate income for people with disabilities, but very little is known about the interplay between disabled women, family and paid jobs. This article, therefore, sets forth a qualitative method for examining barriers that affect the employment opportunities of physically disabled women. Findings drawn from face-to-face interviews with 20 physically disabled women who live in rural poverty in Thailand clearly indicate that physical barriers from built environment, personal limitations; attitudinal barriers from the non-disabled community, especially employers; and over-protection from families limit their employment opportunities. Despite showing their interests in the labour market, these women are still left behind and trapped in rural poverty. The author argues that this situation is due to the non-disabled community ignoring the potential of these women. The author also recommends that the government of Thailand, NGOs and disability organisations should introduce strong tailored interventions and a multifaceted approach to address the medical, social and legal aspects of restricted participation in the labour market in order to improve the employment prospects of women with physical disabilities.     

Disability and employment policy in the Israeli welfare state: between exclusion and inclusion

Based on the social model(s) of disability, this article seeks to analyse the historical development of Israeli employment policy toward disabled people during the first decade and a half of its existence (1948–1965). Findings from primary and secondary sources suggest that throughout this period disabled people, mainly immigrants, found themselves at the lowest echelons of Israeli society and the labour market. Furthermore, the Israeli welfare state offers an interesting case study of the gap between a welfare state’s stated adherence to social justice and the more limited, and even contradictory, outcomes of its policies. Our discussion suggests that a valuable way of reframing our findings can be found in the critique of de-commodification as an inadequate concept and in the use of related concepts such as re-commodification and quasi-commodification.     

On the Margins: disabled people's experience of employment in Donegal, West Ireland

Traditionally, studies of disabled people's access to the labour market have been largely restricted to labour market 'censuses', often conducted by government agencies, and econometric studies. This paper explores disabled people's access to and experiences of employment in Donegal, West Ireland, using a qualitative approach. Twelve disabled people and four non-disabled helpers, divided into two focus groups, were interviewed using an in-depth, informal conversational strategy. A number of different, salient issues were identified in regards to training, and gaining and maintaining employment, ranging from ignorance and discrimination, to poor access (both workplace and transport), to legislation. Respondents identified a number or potential solutions which mainly focused around disability awareness, removing barriers to gaining employment and the implementation of stronger legislation. In the final section, the issues and solutions raised by disabled people are compared to those identified by non-disabled people, collected in a parallel study.     

The economic significance of laws relating to employment protection and different forms of employment: Analysis of a panel of 117 countries, 1990–2013

The authors use time series econometric analysis applying non‐stationary panel data methods to estimate the relationships between employment protection legislation and legal protection of different forms of employment (part‐time, fixed‐term and agency work), and economic outcomes, with a data set based on the Centre for Business Research Labour Regulation Index (CBR–LRI), covering 117 countries from 1970 to 2013. Findings suggest that these laws have become significantly more protective over time and that strengthening worker protection is associated with an increase in labour's share of national income, rising labour force participation, rising employment, and falling unemployment, although the observed magnitudes are small when set against wider economic trends.     

What Disability Civil Rights Cannot Do: employment and political economy

The Americans with Disabilities Act is both a liberal civil rights bill and a labour economics bill meant to increase the employment of disabled persons. It identifies the source of unemployment in discriminatory attitudes of employers and physical barriers in the work environment, and promotes inclusion through the establishment of regulations that are intended to create 'equal opportunity' in the labour market. Such liberal reforms primarily focus on 'irrational' discriminatory attitudes. Operating within an individualist framework, civil rights have not given sufficient attention to structural barriers, which 'rational' business practices, the economic system and class power relationships erect. This paper will both micro- and macro-economic realities of US capitalism, which directly impede disabled peoples' employment and perpetuate a disabling society. The failure of rights legislation to increase disabled people's employment exposes the contradictions of promoting equal opportunity in a class-based (unequal) society.     

Out of touch: local government and disabled people's employment needs

In autumn 2003 we contracted to undertake a study in two district council areas of ways in which they could meet their Local Public Service Agreement (LPSA) targets in respect of disabled people returning to work. We undertook a literature review of barriers to work, interviewed a number of people involved in working with unemployed people and a number of disabled people in these areas. All the employment organisations we had contact with were working to an individual model of disability and the need to change their orientation became the central recommendation of the first phase of this study. This was rejected by those funding the study. At the end of the first year none of the organisations active in this area was able to identify a single disabled person who had returned to work as a result of their help. We conclude that central government policies are doing little to change the perception of the employment needs of disabled people within local government.     

Disability and dirty workers: stories of physical,social and moral taint

Returning to classics on dirty work and stigma, I offer another perspective on the difficulties that disabled people experience in employment. I claim that disabled workers with multiple sclerosis (MS) feel like ‘dirty workers’ not because of the work that they do, but because of their MS. Secondary analysis of phenomenological interview data revealed workers with MS feeling physical, social and moral taints normally associated with being a ‘dirty worker’ – but because of their MS-related impairments and disabilities. Two respondent stories are shared to illustrate this association.     

Expectations and realisations: the employment story of a young man with cerebral palsy

Britain has laws and a range of policies which promote the employment of disabled people. The lack of progress to get disabled people into paid work has resulted in huge dissatisfaction for some. Evidence of disability and employment problems is often expressed as hard data, but what of the personal experiences of trying to find employment? This article is based on interviews with ‘Nick’, a young man with cerebral palsy who wanted to recount his preparation for work, including work experience, through school, the Connexions service and the local Employment Office. He explained how he felt his voluntary work and work experiences were not fully planned and ultimately unsatisfactory. Nick found paid employment, but soon discovered that there were too many problems for him to continue. He reflected on his experiences, including his own initial confidence, his despair at the ending of his paid employment and the realities of what employment means for him.