地区差异会影响金融与实体之间的相互转化程度吗?——基于我国制造业上市公司的微观视角

实体经营与金融投资的有机结合被认为是实现我国制造业由大到强崛起的一个重要途径.本文从我国地域特征着手,探讨了制造业企业金融资产和经营收益之间的资源配置选择与效率呈现出的地域性的差异.结果 表明,东部地区上市企业经营收益越高,则会有更多资产投资于金融资产.但是,金融资产对经营收益的"挤占效应"却是西部地区更严重.而地区的金融市场发达程度、地方政府干预程度这两个地区软环境指标能够解释上述差异产生的原因.随着金融市场发达程度的增高和地方政府干预程度的下降,金融对经营收益"挤占效应"的负向边际效果逐渐下降,说明政府与市场环境的改善能够显著提升金融与实体之间的资源配置效率.因此,提高落后地区的软环境水平有利于引导制造业企业"脱虚向实".     

经济周期与企业金融化

当前中国实体经济“脱实向虚”现象引发社会的广泛关注，企业金融化是否受到经济周期的影响有待检验.本文以2005年—2019年中国资本市场上市公司为研究样本，考察了经济周期对企业金融化的影响及其情境因素差异.实证分析发现，在经济上行期，企业金融化程度提高，表明当前中国上市公司配置金融资产的“投资替代”动机较强.进一步的研究发现，在管理者面临业绩压力越大的公司，经济周期对企业金融化的促进作用越强，而在低高管持股比例、高融资约束和低行业竞争的公司，经济周期对企业金融化的促进效应被削弱.本文从宏观经济层面验证了企业金融化的“投资替代”动机，不仅丰富了经济周期和企业金融化相关领域的研究，而且对政府和监管部门引导企业适度配置金融资产、防范金融风险也具有一定的现实意义.     

浅谈知识经济时代下的企业人力资源柔性管理

人力资源管理的柔性化是整个企业柔性管理成功实施的关键,柔性化的人力资源管理可以使企业与员工建立合作伙伴关系,增强企业适应外部动态竞争环境的能力.本文从员工和组织两方面分析了企业实施人力资源柔性化管理的途径.     

金融资产转移确认:控制权判断

金融产品的不断创新和复杂合约安排引发了金融资产转移的会计确认问题。从金融资产控制权的角度对风险和报酬的转移进行权衡是对金融资产转移确认的关键,这是金融合成分析法的主要思想。     

地方债务风险如何防范

我国地方政府债务最大的潜在风险在于:地方政府债务不透明,不规范,是一本糊涂账.虽然2011年国家审计署进行了拉网式的审计,也只是掌握了大致债务规模,地方债务规模到底多大没有准确的数据,这也是引起国内外争论的原因. 有两方面原因导致债务规模不清:一方面是统计口径不统一.由于地方政府债务不是通过政府直接举债,而都是通过融资平台公司进行举债,哪些债务属于政府性债务,没有统一标准,统计数据随意性较大.     

浅谈企业的用人之道

现代社会,国家与国家之间的竞争,企业与企业之间的竞争,归根到底是人才的竞争,如何用人、如何用对人已经成为企业管理中非常重要的一部分。本文将从用人原则和用人手段两方面,探讨企业的用人之道。     

中国地方政府财政竞争关系研究中的两个基本命题——集权与分权之争和地方政府及其官员激励来源之争

改革开放后迅速兴起的地方政府财政竞争,是中国经济转型过程中地方政府最为显著的行为特征.在中国特色的“政治集权,行政分权”体制下,地方政府财政竞争具有特殊的形成机理和表现形式.当前围绕中国地方政府财政竞争的性质和后果,学术界存在颇多的争议.为了更好地把握中国地方政府财政竞争的实质,有必要对众多的研究观点进行集中.为此,本文在相关研究文献基础上,提炼出中国地方政府财政竞争关系研究中的两个基本命题:集权与分权之争、地方政府及其官员的激励来源之争.     

温州市苍南县农村中小企业融资调查报告

对温州市苍南县农村中小企业金融需求与供给调研表明,一方面企业对正式金融信贷有着有效需求(即企业愿意支付、也有能力支付贷款产品),另一方面,农村中小企业信贷的供需缺口仍然很大。虽然这部分归咎于企业本身的原因,但从调查结果来看,这主要与正式金融部门的信贷配给行为有关,这些行为又一方面与国家朝着国有或准国有金融机构倾斜的货币和信贷政策有关,另一方面与正式金融部门的国有或者准国有产权结构和低效率治理结构有关。信贷配给的结果是,很大一部分信贷市场被民间借贷所占有。这说明了民间借贷在苍南经济发展中的重要性。报告估算,苍南对中小企业民间借贷的违约率极低,但是,民间借贷仍然受到政府打压。本文得出结论,必须推行金融机构与金融活动的多元化来更好地满足对农村中小企业的金融服务,应该承认民间金融,并允许民间金融在一个宽松的秩序框架下运作。     

金融信息化中的风险及其安全防范策略

随着金融业的不断发展,金融信息技术也在不断地完善和发展。本文首先从硬件和软件两方面描述了目前我国的金融科技风险上存在的问题;然后根据我国目前金融科技风险的特性和信息安全的功能特性,提出了几点防范措施。     

地方政府竞争走向制度竞争的论证

经济转轨尤其是分权化改革以来,地方政府间竞争已经成为了一种客观存在。随着竞争的不断推进,地方政府逐渐将更多的注意力从对资源的争夺投向制度的创新。本文试图通过对地方政府的核心竞争力进行分析和总结,说明各个竞争力对制度创新的依赖,既而对资源竞争模式和制度竞争模式进行了比较,得出制度竞争优于资源竞争的结论。论据表明制度竞争作为一种难以模仿的竞争,已经成为了地方政府取得持久优势的关键。     

乡镇企业产权改革、所有制结构及职工参与问题研究

运用改制企业及其职工问卷调查资料 ,本文研究表明:(1)县以上政府出于财政目标的需要 ,鼓励并主导了乡镇企业产权制度的改革 ,改革具有自上而下推动的特征 ,而并非完全像过去主流观点所认为的那样 ,改革完全是自下而上推动的结论;(2)地方 (社区 )政府、改制企业的原经营者、企业职工及社区全体居民在改革后具体企业产权模式的选择上 ,具有明显的鹰—鸽博弈特征 ,地方社区政府、改制企业的原经营者之间的博弈结果是改革后具体企业产权模式的选择的主要的决定力量。乡镇政府和企业经理共同控制了乡镇企业的改制 ,普通职工只有被动的参与权;(3)乡镇政府和原企业经理均无选择股份合作制的动力;(4)企业职工对于是否持股并不十分积极、其能否持股取决于多种因素;(5)职工对改制企业在激励机制、决策机制、管理机制等方面的进步给予积极的肯定;(6)股权结构对企业生产率影响不明显 ,它表明所有权结构只是生产率提高的必要条件 ,而非充要条件 ,它也不是改革最终走向“经营者持大股"的逻辑原因;(7)企业改制、特别是经营者持大股企业对就业、企业长期投资产生了积极影响 ,改制推进了企业经营水平、市场竞争力的提高。     

Competition and Coordination in Two‐Tier Public Service Systems under Government Fiscal Policy

As a result of government budgetary limits and rapid market growth, many public service systems—such as health care—are characterized by extensive customer wait times that have become a serious problem. This problem might be solved by allowing private firms to enter these markets, which would provide customers with a choice between a free (governmental) public service provider (SP) and a fee‐charging (or “toll”) private SP. In such a two‐tier service system, the two SPs are differentiated by service quality and cost efficiency. This study focuses on the competition and coordination issues for two‐tier service systems with customers who are sensitive to both service quality and delay. The free system attempts to maximize its expected total customer utility with limited capacity, whereas the toll system attempts to maximize its profit. Neither goal is aligned with the social welfare goal of the public service. To achieve the social welfare goal, the government plays a crucial role in coordinating the two‐tier service system via the budget, the tradeoff of social members' goals, and tax‐subsidy policies. Using a mixed duopoly game, we establish Nash equilibrium strategies and identify the conditions for the existence of the two‐tier service system. We employ several interesting and counter‐intuitive managerial insights generated by the model to show that the public service can be delivered more efficiently via customer choice and SP competition. In addition, we show that a relatively low tax‐subsidy rate can almost perfectly coordinate the two SPs to achieve most of the maximum possible benefit of the two‐tier service system.     

Sequential Estimation of Structural Models With a Fixed Point Constraint

This paper considers the estimation problem of structural models for which empirical restrictions are characterized by a fixed point constraint, such as structural dynamic discrete choice models or models of dynamic games. We analyze a local condition under which the nested pseudo likelihood (NPL) algorithm converges to a consistent estimator, and derive its convergence rate. We find that the NPL algorithm may not necessarily converge to a consistent estimator when the fixed point mapping does not have a local contraction property. To address the issue of divergence, we propose alternative sequential estimation procedures that can converge to a consistent estimator even when the NPL algorithm does not.     

Efficiency measures of the Chinese commercial banking system using an additive two-stage DEA

Measuring and improving the efficiency of the Chinese commercial banking system has recently attracted increasing interest. Few studies, however, have adopted the two-stage network DEA to explore this issue in the Chinese context. Because the entire operational process of the banking system could be divided into two sub-processes (deposit producing and profit earning), the evaluation of the sub-process efficiencies could be used to assist in identifying the sources of the inefficiency of the entire banking system. In this study, we utilize the network DEA approach to disaggregate, evaluate and test the efficiencies of 16 major Chinese commercial banks during the third round of the Chinese banking reform period (2003–2011) with the variable returns to scale setting and the consideration of undesirable/bad output. The main findings of this study are as follows: (i) the two-stage DEA model is more effective than the conventional black box DEA model in identifying the inefficiency of banking system, and the inefficiency of the Chinese banking system primarily results from the inefficiency of its deposit producing sub-process; (ii) the overall efficiency of the Chinese banking system improves over the study period because of the reform; (iii) the state-owned commercial banks (SOBs) appear to be more overall efficient than the joint-stock commercial banks (JSBs) only in the pre-reform period, and the efficiency difference between the SOBs and the JSBs is reduced over the post-reform period; (iv) the disposal of non-performing loans (NPLs) from the Chinese banking system in general explains its efficiency improvement, and the joint-equity reform of the SOBs specifically increases their efficiencies.     

基于双层规划的反恐应急设施选址模型及算法

恐怖袭击常以人流密集地区的平民作为袭击目标，并存在突发性和随机性等特点，极易造成严重的袭击后果。通过反恐应急设施的合理布局可以缩短救援人员和物资的到达时间，从而减轻袭击后果。首先，对反恐应急设施选址问题进行描述，并将其构造为一类离散双层规划模型。其中，上层规划是关于政府选址的0-1规划问题，下层规划则是关于恐怖分子袭击目标选择的0-1规划问题。其次，结合模型和问题的特征设计算法，利用分支定界算法实现上层选址变量的隐枚举，同时通过下层问题的求解来确定上下界并判断是否满足分枝或剪枝的条件。最后，结合南疆地区的交通拓扑网络进行算例分析，结果证明有效的选址方案可以大大降低袭击损失。     

FINANCIAL DEPENDENCE,BANKING SECTOR COMPETITION,AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

The relationships among competition in the financial sector, access of firms to external financing, and associated economic growth are ambiguous in theory. Moreover, measuring competition in the financial sector can be complex. In this paper we first estimate for 16 countries an industrial organization‐based measure of banking system competition. We then relate this competition measure to growth of industries and find that greater competition in countries' banking systems allows financially dependent industries to grow faster. These results are robust under a variety of tests. Our results suggest that the degree of competition is an important aspect of financial sector functioning. (JEL: D4, G21, L11, L80, O16)     

中国影子银行违约风险和防范机制研究——来自上市公司委托贷款数据的经验证据

本文运用中国上市公司披露的委托贷款公告数据，实证研究了影子银行的违约风险及其防范机制。数据显示，我国委托贷款的整体违约率为10.09%，远高于同期银行业金融机构的不良贷款率。进一步研究发现，与影子银行风险受信息因素影响的直觉一致，抵押条款和借贷距离会显著影响委托贷款违约率：其一，从抵押视角来看，抵押条款和贷款违约率显著正相关，这表明，为了防范事后的道德风险问题，贷款者会要求借款者提供抵押；其二，从借贷距离视角看，与近距离借贷（或同省借贷）相比，远距离借贷（或异省借贷）的违约风险相对较高，这揭示出，借贷距离越远，贷款者越难对借款者进行甄别和监督，从而推高了借款企业的违约概率。本文研究不仅为我国委托贷款这一影子银行机制的风险状况提供了直接的经验证据，而且对影子银行参与者如何有效防范风险和相关政府部门加强监管具有重要的借鉴意义。     

政府管制与双寡头企业社会责任行为的博弈研究

企业不负责任行为同时受到政府管制和产品竞争的双重约束。本文构建了政府与双寡头企业的三阶段博弈模型,分析了政府偏好和政府执行力与政府治理企业不负责任行为的政策的关系,揭示了其中所蕴含的"政府偏好悖论"。研究表明:政府惩治企业不负责任行为的关键,是让企业从不负责任行为中所失大于所得;无论政府的偏好如何,都有可能放松对企业不负责任行为的管制,而且政府越偏好短期社会利益,就越不可能将不负责任的企业清除出市场;政府治理不负责任企业的矛盾心理,根源于企业不负责任行为的两面性。     

基本养老保险系统集成度的演化博弈分析及仿真研究

我国现行城镇职工基本养老保险制度面临提升统筹层次、提高待遇充足性等问题，而现阶段养老保险体系改革困境的制度根源正是由于中央政府、地方政府和企业三方的竞争、制衡。论文针对这一问题，运用改进的捕食者-猎物R-M模型，刻画这三个利益主体之间的动态博弈，设计实验分析基本养老保险系统的保费博弈。理论分析发现：提高养老保险统筹层次、积极应对人口老龄化、提高基金管理效率，多样化退休收入，不仅能提高养老保险待遇充足性，还能促进经济增长，但集成速度过快也会超出市场承载力而导致政策失效。实验结果与理论相符，此外，通过适度提升系统集成度来提高统筹层次能够降低最终保费，且使保费博弈更快达到稳定。     

Defining the health care product to ensure quality and manage costs

The frenzy of health care reform activity now led by the Clinton Administration's American Health Security Act of 1993 might end in the worst of all possible outcomes: a new government entitlement program financed by business and a global budget. Unbridled entitlement could drive utilization of benefits to the maximum and, with a budget cap, guarantee rationing. So far, the administration has talked about expanding access and controlling costs--not about the health care product. Given the threat that change poses for vested interests, time will undoubtedly lapse before final implementation of a new system. Unless physicians involved in health management seize the opportunity during this window of opportunity to help shape the future of health care delivery, the likelihood of preserving the U.S. health care delivery system as we know it will be dim indeed.