Stewardship as process: A paradox perspective

Long-term stewardship is usually represented as a stable structural condition and portrayed as a source of competitive advantage to firms (including family businesses) that use it as a mode of governance. Less is known about how organizations engage with stewardship as a process. We embrace a process approach to report a case study about the unfolding of stewardship in a multi-business family group. We conclude that stewardship is a process marked by critical tensions and paradoxes; by exploring the nature of these we uncover further dimensions and responses to the paradoxes of stewardship.     

Three Critical Characteristics of Leadership: Character,Stewardship, Experience

There is no one definition of leadership. The leadership equation is never set or fixed. Time, place, specific problems, the particular parties involved all play a role in the leadership equation. Nor is there one specific list of attributes, virtues, or skills that all leaders must and do possess. Nonetheless, we argue that at its core, all forms of ethical leadership are based on three elemental ingredients: character, stewardship, and experience.     

DBFOM Contracting and Public Stewardship in the Norfolk-Portsmouth Elizabeth River Tunnels Public-Private Partnership

In 2011, the Virginia Department of Transportation issued a request for proposals to upgrade the Norfolk-Portsmouth Elizabeth River Midtown and Downtown Tunnels. The project involved government contracting with a local subsidiary of two foreign entities that would handle all project phases according to a Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Maintain (DBFOM) contract. The case of the Elizabeth River Tunnels (ERT) project is examined through the perspective of transaction cost theory and evaluates the DBFOM contracting method according to its impact on public stewardship. The research findings improve understanding of public-private partnerships (PPPs) by examining the connection between transaction costs and public stewardship.

     

代理理论和乘务员理论的整合:论公司治理实践

代理理论和乘务员理论从不同研究角度,提出了各自的认知假设和相应的公司治理策略,它们在解决公司治理实践问题过程中并非对立,而是相容的。公司治理实践问题解决的关键是综合运用多种理论提出的解决方案以权变地指导实践,而不是把实践加以分解去机械地套用理论所提供的解决方案。据此,本文通过整合代理理论和乘务员理论,从全新视角论述了公司治理实践问题。     

Open strategy-making with crowds and communities: Comparing Wikimedia and Creative Commons

In the wake of new digital technologies, organizations rely increasingly on contributions by external actors to innovate or even to fulfill their core tasks, including strategy-making processes. These external actors may take the form of crowds, where actors are isolated and dispersed, or of communities, where these actors are related and self-identify as members of their communities. While we know that including new actors in strategy-making may lead to tensions, we know little about how these tensions differ when either crowds or communities are concerned. Investigating this question by analyzing open strategy-making initiatives conducted by two non-profit organizations (Creative Commons and Wikimedia), we find that tensions with communities may be resolved with increasing openness in strategy-making, while crowds are better compatible with more exclusive strategy-making practices.     

The Effects of Temporal Placement of Feedback on Performance With and Without Goals

ABSTRACT

This report from the field evaluated the effects of temporal placement of feedback, and presence or absence of stated goals, on employee skill acquisition in the context of an organization-wide training. Four conditions were examined: feedback before performance with goals, feedback before performance without goals, feedback after performance with goals, and feedback after performance without goals. The results of this study found no statistically significant difference in performance across the four conditions.     

Copulas and Temporal Dependence

An emerging literature in time series econometrics concerns the modeling of potentially nonlinear temporal dependence in stationary Markov chains using copula functions. We obtain sufficient conditions for a geometric rate of mixing in models of this kind. Geometric β‐mixing is established under a rather strong sufficient condition that rules out asymmetry and tail dependence in the copula function. Geometric ρ‐mixing is obtained under a weaker condition that permits both asymmetry and tail dependence. We verify one or both of these conditions for a range of parametric copula functions that are popular in applied work.     

创新产品的情景想象——时间视角与调节聚焦的匹配效应北大核心CSSCI

产品创新是众多企业发展的重要战略。快速迭代的新产品如何能够获得消费者的青睐是企业和学界共同关注的话题。在用户深度参与的互联网营销时代,情景想象作为一种新兴营销手段,能够有效提高消费者对新产品的评价。本文从消费者的时间视角与调节聚焦出发,深入探究情景想象在不同情境下对新产品评价的影响。通过三个实验,本研究发现,对于规避型聚焦的消费者,在情景想象中鼓励其采用过去视角对新产品评价的提升更有帮助;而对于促进型聚焦的消费者,鼓励其采用未来视角相对而言更有利于新产品评价。进一步的研究发现,想象生动程度是该交互作用的内在机制。此外,对于图片想象能力较低的消费者,时间视角与调节聚焦的交互作用消失。     

Temporal and Spatial Constructs in Service Firms' Internationalization Patterns: The Determinants of the Accelerated Growth of Emerging MNEs

The recent years have witnessed an unprecedented surge of Emerging Multinational Enterprises (EMNEs), i.e. firms from the emerging economies that have started internationalization very late and have expanded abroad in a rather accelerated fashion.In particular, pace and international diversification emerge as distinctive features of service EMNEs' successful internationalization patterns, inducing scholars to question the applicability of traditional internationalization theories to EMNEs. The Linkage–Leverage–Learning (LLL) Model and the springboard perspective identified some of the critical EMNEs uniqueness and investigated potential antecedents of their abnormal patterns. Nevertheless, previous contributions neglected to provide a solid empirical base for measuring spatio-temporal dimensions of EMNEs' internationalization.This paper aims to empirically investigate the dimensions affecting the pace at which EMNEs enlarge their geographic scope, by performing OLS regression analysis.The main outcomes demonstrate the crucial role of cumulative benefits from inward internationalization and inter-regional diversification strategies in boosting EMNEs' overseas expansion, in opposition to traditional MNEs (TMNEs). The results corroborate some assumptions of emerging theories on EMNEs, and provide insight for extending traditional MNEs theories by rethinking concepts, relations and causalities.     

时间贝叶斯网络及其概率推理

针对贝叶斯网络应用中出现的循环和动态问题,研究贝叶斯网络的时间扩展.给出了时间贝叶斯网络的定义;探讨了时间贝叶斯网络中环的存在合理性判断问题;给出了时间贝叶斯网络的概率推理算法,应用示例说明了方法的可行性.     

Retrospective Temporal and Spatial Mobility of Adult Iowa Women

Human exposure assessments require a linkage between toxicant concentrations in occupied spaces and the receptor's mobility pattern. Databases reporting distinct populations' mobility in various parts of the home, time outside the home, and time in another building are scarce. Temporal longitudinal trends in these mobility patterns for specific age and gender groups are nonexistent. This paper describes subgroup trends in the spatial and temporal mobility patterns within the home, outside the home, and in another building for 619 Iowa females that occupied the same home for at least 20 years. The study found that the mean time spent at home for the participants ranged from a low of 69.4% for the 50-59 year age group to a high of 81.6% for the over 80-year-old age group. Participants who lived in either one- or two- story homes with basements spent the majority of their residential occupancy on the first story. Trends across age varied for other subgroups by number of children, education, and urbadrural status. Since all of these trends were nonlinear, they indicate that error exists when assuming a constant, such as a 75% home occupancy factor, which has been advocated by some researchers and agencies. In addition, while aggregate data, such as presented in this report, are more helpll in deriving risk estimates for population subgroups, they cannot supplant good individual-level data for determining risks.     

Temporal Resolution of Uncertainty and Recursive Models of Ambiguity Aversion

Dynamic models of ambiguity aversion are increasingly popular in applied work. This paper shows that there is a strong interdependence in such models between the ambiguity attitude and the preference for the timing of the resolution of uncertainty, as defined by the classic work of Kreps and Porteus (1978). The modeling choices made in the domain of ambiguity aversion influence the set of modeling choices available in the domain of timing attitudes. The main result is that the only model of ambiguity aversion that exhibits indifference to timing is the maxmin expected utility of Gilboa and Schmeidler (1989). This paper examines the structure of the timing nonindifference implied by the other commonly used models of ambiguity aversion. This paper also characterizes the indifference to long‐run risk, a notion introduced by Duffie and Epstein (1992). The interdependence of ambiguity and timing that this paper identifies is of interest both conceptually and practically—especially for economists using these models in applications.     

Temporal (In)Stability of Employee Preferences for Rewards

This study examined the temporal stability of employee preferences for rewards over seven monthly evaluations. Participants completed a ranking stimulus preference assessment monthly, and the latter six monthly assessments were compared to the initial assessment. Correlations of preferences from month to month ranged from r = ?.89 to .99. Contrary to the stationarity axiom of rational choice economic theory, but consistent with a behavioral economic perspective, preferences for rewards changed across time for all participants and sometimes even reversed for some. This temporal instability suggests that organizations implementing incentive programs using preference assessments should periodically re-evaluate employee reward preferences and not assume temporal constancy of preferences.     

Interference Phenomena in Temporal Evolution of Accident Probability in Workplaces

The aim of this article is to investigate some implications of complexity in workplace risk assessment. Workplace is examined as a complex system, and some of its attributes and aspects of its behavior are investigated. Failure probability of various workplace elements is examined as a time variable and interference phenomena of these probabilities are presented. Potential inefficiencies of common perceptions in applying probabilistic risk assessment models are also discussed. This investigation is conducted through mathematical modeling and qualitative examples of workplace situations. A mathematical model for simulation of the evolution of workplace accident probability in time is developed. Its findings are then attempted to be translated in real-world terms and discussed through simple examples of workplace situations. The mathematical model indicates that workplace is more likely to exhibit an unpredictable behavior. Such a behavior raises issues about usual key assumptions for the workplace, such as aggregation. Chaotic phenomena (nonlinear feedback mechanisms) are also investigated for in simple workplace systems cases. The main conclusions are (1) that time is an important variable for risk assessment, since behavior patterns are complex and unpredictable in the long term and (2) that workplace risk identification should take place in a holistic view (not by work post).     

Evaluating the Temporal Location of Feedback: Providing Feedback Following Performance vs. Prior to Performance

In order to make feedback as effective as possible, it is important to understand its function in the three-term contingency (TTC) and the impact of various factors involved in delivering feedback. Timing of feedback is one factor that can affect the impact of feedback on learner’s behavior. An analysis of timing of feeback may help us getting closer to better understanding how feedback functions in the TTC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feedback at different temporal locations. Specifically, feedback was provided either immediately (a) after a teaching session or (b) before the following teaching session, on teaching performance of undergraduate psychology students. The results indicated that feedback provided before the teaching session was more effective in improving teaching skills than feedback that was provided after the session. These findings suggest that feedback may function primarily as an antecedent to future performance and not necessarily as a consequence for past performance. However, the behavioral mechanism that explains these results is not yet clear. Future studies should investigate this further by manipulating the content of feedback prior to the teaching performance.     

A rush of blood to the head: Temporal dimensions of retrenchment,environment and turnaround performance

In this work we test the general assumption in the turnaround literature that time is critical for firm survival, especially during the retrenchment stage. We study three time dimensions of change at this stage: timing, speed and rhythm. Drawing on the downward spiral and threat-rigidity perspectives, we posit that the positive impact these time dimensions have on turnaround performance is highly contingent on two types of environment. Our findings, based on a sample of 263 declining US firms over a 26-year period (1983–2009), demonstrate that an early timing of retrenchment has a positive impact on performance when the environment is munificent. On the contrary, an early timing has a negative impact when the environment is dynamic. We also note that a fast pace of retrenchment positively impacts firm performance in dynamic environments. Finally, we find that declining firms display better performances when following an irregular rhythm of retrenchment, both in highly munificent and highly dynamic environments. Our results indicate that, in general, declining firm performance improves with time-aggressive retrenchment actions in both types of environment. We discuss the contribution of our research to the turnaround literature, and the downward spiral and threat-rigidity perspectives.     

基于时间约束网络的项目实施冲突识别算法

提出了一种基于时间约束网络的项目实施冲突识算法。以项目实施网络连接的逻辑结构为基础,建立了项目实施过程网络。在定性时间约束和定量时间约束及其转换规则的基础上,提出了项目实施过程网络到时间约束网络的转换规则。分析了实施冲突,并建立了基于计算机的项目实施冲突识别算法。最后,运用上述方法对某软件系统设计及开发项目实施进行冲突检测。     

长江经济带绿色全要素生产率的时空分异特征研究

提升绿色全要素生产率是实现区域经济发展和生态环境保护有机协调的重要保障。运用DEA-Malmquist指数法及探索性空间数据分析方法测算研究2004～2015年长江经济带11省(市)绿色全要素生产率(GTFP)的时空分异特征,结果显示:(1)GTFP的变化主要源于技术进步,而综合技术效率的贡献并不明显;(2)从时间演变规律看,GTFP整体呈现波浪式类"W"型变化规律,但总体呈下降趋势;(3)从空间分布特征看,GTFP的空间相关性日趋显著,空间分布集聚现象逐步增强。     

基于小波的金融危机时点探测与多重分形分析

在金融危机时点前后,市场的动力学会呈现出异常剧烈的波动。准确定位金融危机时点是区分出金融危机前后股市多重分形特性的关键步骤。与其他方法相比,小波变换模极大值法（WTMM）的优势在于它可以侦测出突变点并对金融市场的多重分形特性进行分析。研究通过小波变换模极大值法（WTMM）所建立的模极大值线将道琼斯工业指数（DJI）与东京证交所股价指数（TPX）的金融危机时点定位出来,随后基于所侦测出来的道琼斯工业指数（DJI）突变点对该指数进行多重分形分析。分析发现：小波变换模极大值法（WTMM）不仅可以准确定位金融危机发生的时点,还可以刻画出多重分形特征在金融危机前后的演化。实证结果验证了分形市场假说（FMH）关于市场发生崩溃的起因,也为金融风险管理提供了一个新思路。     

基于小波的金融危机时点探测与多重分形分析

金融市场中存在着由私有信息推动的知情交易,其具有行为复杂、甄别困难等特性。本文以股票价格序列的Lévy跳为工具揭示交易价格的异常波动,从而测度这一较为特殊的交易情况。基于Lévy跳跃程度的度量方法和知情交易概率PIN模型,文章研究了股票价格的跳跃异常程度与股票交易的PIN值之间的相关性情况,发现两者之间具有显著的相关关系,并通过事件研究进一步支持了跳跃程度可以在一定程度上度量知情交易的假设。于此同时,给出了跳跃程度异常系数的计算方法,用以在实践中度量跳跃的异常程度,为知情交易的监管等提供了另一种工具上的选择。