Perceptions of Distributive Justice of the Residents in Contemporary China’s Large Cities: An Empirical Study Based on the Survey in Shanghai〖JP〗

本文从自利理论和归因理论出发,以2006年8月-2007年1月上海大学社会学系“上海市居民的阶层地位与社会意识”调查数据为基础,分析当前中国大城市居民的分配公平感及其形成机制。研究发现,大城市居民对主要社会群体的收入分配感到明显不公平。阶层地位是否具有优势对居民分配公平感的形成没有显著影响,但社会经济地位及其对导致社会不平等的归因则与分配公平感明显相关。具有优势经济地位的群体既直接影响人们的分配公平感,又通过对社会不平等的归因偏好间接影响人们的分配公平感。归因偏好对分配公平感的影响比社会经济地位的影响更加显著：越是将社会不平等归因于个人绩效因素（内因）,其分配公平感就越强;越是将社会不平等归因于权力、政策因素（外因）,其分配不公平感就越强。     

探析国民收入三次分配中的公平取向问题

改革开放以来,国民经济出现高增长和矛盾凸显两个鲜明的特征,社会分配不公越来越成为人们日益关注的问题.出现分配不公的状况是多年历史综合原因形成的:第一次分配注重在效率优先中维护公平竞争,第二次分配注重在财税改革中实现相对公平,第三次分配注重在捐赠回报中推进社会公平.国民收入第三次分配即社会的富人运用捐赠、资助慈善事业等行为回报社会,实现更深层次和更大范围内的收入分配调整.它是通过制度安排和公众自觉行动,体现社会的一种慈善文化和捐赠文化.三次分配互动互补,互相促进,形成"三点式"社会分配新格局.     

我国社会收入分配不公的原因探析

改革开放以来,我国城镇居民个人收入总量增长过快,超出国民经济正常运行所允许的合理界限,并在一定范围内出现了城镇居民货币收入差距过大,社会收入分配不公的问题。据有关方面的民意测验,社会分配不公已成为仅次于腐败的第二大社会问题,它的出现对社会生活各个方面产生了深刻的影响。什么是收入分配不公?概括起来大致有以下两种判别标准。(1)以分配手段是否公平即能否体现按劳分配原则为依据。只要分配收入的手段是不公平的,即使居民收入差距再小,也是分配     

收入、健康、社会公平感与居民主观幸福感——一个区域差异分析视角

本文运用CGSS2015年的数据,对东部地区、中部地区和西部地区的居民主观幸福感进行比较分析,并从收入不平等、健康和社会公平感等角度探讨了影响居民主观幸福感的因素及其区域差异。实证结果发现:东部地区居民的主观幸福感水平高于中部和西部地区;绝对收入差异对东部和中部地区的居民主观幸福感具有显著影响,对西部地区居民主观幸福感没有显著影响;相对收入对居民主观幸福感的影响具有一定的区域差异性;无论是东部地区还是中部和西部地区,健康自评程度越高,居民的主观幸福感越强,社会公平感知越高,居民的主观幸福感越强;居民主观幸福感在性别、年龄、婚姻和教育上的差异具有区域不平衡的特征。     

我国新时期的收入分配问题新论

目前,经济领域中的分配不公已演变为严重的社会政治问题,影响了构建和谐社会的进程.进一步深化收入分配制度改革,急需为收入分配领域提供更有力的政策保障,对于全面构建社会主义和谐社会,促进我国国民经济又好又快发展,具有重要的战略意义.本文深入分析了我国新时期收入分配不公平的根源和后果,结合著名的"库兹涅茨收入分配倒U形曲线"论述了共同富裕的可能性,并探讨了解决收入分配不公平的对策措施.     

浅析我国社会分配不公问题

随着我国国民经济体制改革的深化,旧的高度集中的国民收入分配体制已被突破。政府分配与市场分配机制并存,平均主义尚未消除,新的分配不公问题又出现了。正确认识与解决这一问题,对于调动劳动者的积极性,深化改革,促进经济发展与社会安定团结有着至关重要的作用。本文仅就收入分配不公的有关问题,谈几点看法。一,社会收入分配公平的涵义在不同社会制度下分配公平,具有不同的性质与内容。社会主义社会是一个相当长的历史阶段,它在经济发展的不同时期,分配公平的内涵也是不同的。当前,我国处于社会主义初级阶段,存在着以公有制为主体的多种经济形式,与此相适应,存在以按劳分配为主体的多     

建设慈善捐助信息系统迫在眉睫

人们通常将通过市场实现的收入称为第一次分配，将通过政府税收调节实现的收入称为第二次分配，而将个人自愿捐赠部分或全部可支配的收入，称为第三次分配。它们分别体现效率、公平和社会责任。慈善事业就是一项关于规范和发展以第三次分配为核心内容的社会事业，它既反映出经济发展的程度，也代表着社会发展的水平。慈善事业是调节贫富差别的平衡器，有助于缩小两极分化，有利于弘扬社会道德风尚，激发社会责任，促进社会和谐安宁。     

中国个人所得税制度改革的政策取向研究

收入分配不公是影响社会稳定和发展的重要因素,在全面推进社会主义和谐社会建设的"十一五"规划中,收入分配差距程度的大小将是衡量社会发展和谐与否的重要指标。本文试图从税收制度视角来研究收入分配不公现象,由于个人所得税在所有税收种类里最能调节收入分配差距,因此本文提出了进一步改革个人所得税制度,促进收入合理分配等建议。     

论我国现阶段的个人收入公平分配原则

收入分配的问题,直接关系到社会的稳定和发展。在当前治理整顿经济秩序的过程中,如何进一步深化分配体制的改革,解决好社会分配不公的矛盾,成为亟待解决的问题之一。然而,到底什么是公平的分配?我国现阶段应选择什么样的公平分配原则?本文拟对这一问题谈谈自己的看法。     

改革开放以来的收入分配:回顾和展望

改革开放以来,现实中的收入分配差距变动呈现出三个特点:各个群体的人均收入有不同程度的提高,居民总体收入差距扩大,收入分配差距对经济增长的负面作用日趋严重.30年来改革开放的事实表明,市场经济下多种分配方式的并存,的确时促进经济增长、普遍提高人民生活水平起到了重要作用,但也产生了一些负面影响.下一步改革的方向应是在继续发挥市场经济促进效率功能的基础上,通过缩小收入差距、实现社会公平来促进经济增长.     

Reducing Inequality in Childcare Service Use across European Countries: What (if any) Is the role of Social Spending?

Childcare services are increasingly put forward as one of the most important policy levers to combat poverty and inequality. However, higher income families use childcare services to a much larger extent than lower income families. Almost all European countries increased expenditures on childcare over the past years, but has an ever‐increasing public spending on childcare provision led to more equality in its use? In this article, the relationship between spending and childcare use as well as between spending and inequality in childcare use over the period 2006–12 is empirically analyzed using a random effects model drawing on country‐level panel data (n = 156), derived from the EU‐SILC and OECD SOCX databases. Since governments can spend money in different ways, it is discussed whether a public or a market‐based strategy to subsidize childcare provision is related to more equality. The results suggest that more spending leads to higher levels of childcare use, but not directly to lower levels of inequality. For achieving equity in childcare use, government investment should lead to an expansion of childcare places across the income distribution. The findings allow the formulation of new hypotheses regarding the role of the private market in childcare services provision.     

Trust, inequality and the market

This article examines, experimentally, whether inequality affects the social capital of trust in non-market and market settings. We consider three experimental treatments, one with equality, one with inequality but no knowledge of the income of other agents, and one with inequality and knowledge. Inequality, particularly when it is known, has a corrosive effect on trusting behaviours in this experiment. Agents appear to be less sensitive to known relative income differentials in markets than they are in the non-market settings, but trust in markets appears generally more vulnerable to the introduction of inequality than in the non-market setting.     

收入不平等与个体健康——基于2005年中国综合社会调查的实证分析

文章利用2005年中国综合社会调查（CGSS2005）数据与县级社会统计资料,通过拟合多层Logistic回归模型,分析了地区收入不平等程度对个体健康状况的影响,系统检验了绝对收入理论和收入不平等理论。结果表明,即使在控制了个体收入对健康的凹陷效应之后,县级收入不平等程度仍对个体自评健康具有显著的负面影响。对收入不平等影响健康的作用机制的进一步分析表明,社会心理机制仅能部分解释不平等对健康的负面效应,而新唯物主义机制未能得到经验支持。     

Subjective Social Status,Income Inequality and Subjective Perceptions of Mobility (2003-2013)*

Using a sample of over 90,000 urban and rura1 residents from the Chinese Social Survey (CSS) and China Genera1 Social Survey (CGSS) from 2003 to 2013, we analyzed the structural features and influencing factors underlying subjective social status in China. Our findings indicate that over these years, such identification has consistently assumed the shape of a bowling pin: those who “identify with a low social status” account for more than half of respondents, a much higher proportion than in most countries. At the individual level, the net effect on subjective social status of such objective indicators as education, income and occupation has been relatively small, and lessened over the ten years. The correlation between subjective perceptions of mobility and subjective social status is quite strong, but the upward impetus provided by perceptions of upward mobility weakened over the period. At the macro-level, the tempo of economic growth failed to raise the level of class identification, and income inequality had a markedly negative effect. Our research findings further demonstrate that curbing the income gap and increasing opportunities for mobility are important for raising the level of class identification during the transition period.     

Income support for Australian carers since 1983: social justice,social investment and the cloak of gender neutrality

Income support for carers has been available in Australia since the early 1980s. In contrast to most other forms of income support, eligibility for Carer Payment has been progressively expanded in recent years, and increasing numbers of carers are claiming the payment as a result. This article examines the history of income support for carers by reviewing changes in eligibility criteria in the social security legislation and considering how those changes were framed. We argue that reforms to carers' income support have developed within competing frames of social justice and social investment, with an increasing emphasis on a social investment discourse, which prioritises paid work over care. Neither of the dominant frames addresses gender equality, and in practice, income support policy has reinforced familial (women's) responsibility for caring. Given the gendered nature of caring in Australia, gender equality issues must be considered in future policy reforms to ensure that the competing pressures on women to care and to engage in paid work do not lead to greater disadvantage and inequality for women and the people for whom they care.     

收入不平等对中国居民幸福感的影响及其机制研究

本文立足于社会规范视角,以中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据为基础,考察与分析区域层次的收入不平等对居民幸福感的影响及其机制。结果显示,当前中国的收入不平等会损害个人对幸福的积极体验。与高收入群体相比,低收入群体更容易产生这种负向感知。相对剥夺和关系信任构成的社会心理过程是影响收入不平等与个人幸福感关系的重要机制,资源供给机制未获调查数据的支持。在此基础上,本文认为,国民幸福感的高低并非取决于收入不平等本身,而是分配体系构建的合理性。所以,建立具有公平正义价值导向的收入分配体系是提升中国居民幸福感的发展方向。     

Changes in the world income distribution

Drawing on new international comparison estimates for 127 nations, this study examines in some detail for the decinnial years 1950–1980 the world size distribution of income. Different income concepts—national output valued in different ways, and also consumption alone; and income per-equivalent adult as well as per capita—have been considered in judging how world inequality has changed. The principal findings are: (i) at a point in time, the intercountry differences in income—differences among nations—are greater than the usually observed intracountry differences in income—differences within nations; and (ii) over time systematic differences in national economic growth rates of countries led on balance to very slightly increased intercountry inequality (quite possible not beyond the margin of measurement error) but that (and this judgment is quite tentative) the changes in intracountry inequality over time have left inequality in the overall distribution unchanged.     

收入差距、不平等感知与公众容忍度

本文辨析和检验了收入不平等的两种表现形式及其对公众容忍度的影响效应。研究结果显示，客观收入差距对公众容忍度并无直接影响，而感知的收入差距越大，对不平等的厌恶倾向越明显。但客观差距大并不意味着个体感知到的差距大，感知偏差及情境分割效应的存在，区县而非省级、时下而非过往的收入差距状况更易为个体所捕捉和感知，进而对其容忍度产生间接影响，且这种情境传导效应及对客观差距的感知程度在不同群体间有明显差异。这一结果为我们理解过大收入差距与较高容忍度共存的反差现象提供了基于分配结构异质性的观察视角和情境反应在地化的经验解释。     

Impact of socio-economic infrastructure investments on income inequality in Iran

One of the main subjects, governments have been facing is fair distribution of income, and making effort to improve it. In this study, we evaluated the effects of economic (energy, water, ICT) and social (health, education) infrastructure expenses on income inequality in the Iranian provinces for the period of 2007–2016 by the panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) model. The results show that social and economic infrastructures improvements reduce income inequality. However, the magnitude of these effects varies. Investment on education, healthcare, communication technology, energy, and water infrastructures has the greatest impact on income inequality reduction, respectively. Therefore, in order to reduce inequality in deprived areas, combination and optimal allocation of economic and social infrastructures should be considered.     

Public Policy,Economic Inequality,and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective*

Objective. This article compares recent levels and trends in economic inequality in industrialized nations, largely those belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. We also examine the effects of government policies and social spending efforts on inequality. Method. We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the U.S. Congressional Budget Office to measure disposable money income on an annual basis for 30 nations around the end of the 20th century. We also convert the incomes of a set of rich nations into real 2000 U.S. dollars, using a standard measure of purchasing power parity to examine absolute differences in income inequality. Results. The United States has the highest overall level of inequality of any rich OECD nation at the beginning of the 21st century. Moreover, increases in the dispersion of total household income in the United States have been as large as, or larger than, those experienced elsewhere between 1979 and 2002. Government policies and social spending have lesser effects in the United States than in any other rich nation, and both low spending and low wages have a great impact on the final income distribution, especially among the nonelderly. Conclusion. We speculate on the role policy plays in the final determination of income inequality. We argue that these differences cannot be explained by demography (single parents, immigrants, elders) but are more likely to be attributed to American institutions and lack of spending effort on behalf of low‐income working families.