“双重迁移”女性的就业决策和工资收入的影响因素分析——基于北京市农民工的调查

农民工的家庭化迁移是中国城市化发展的重要趋势。家庭化迁移和城乡迁移同时发生的"双重迁移"对农民工家庭造成了重大的影响,特别是对于家庭中的女性"双重迁移"引发不同以往的就业决策,并改变了农民工家庭的生活状态。文章在新家庭经济学的分析框架下,实证分析"双重迁移"中各类因素对女性就业选择和工资的影响。结果发现,家庭化迁移会减少女性居家就业和外出就业概率,降低女性就业水平。分析表明学前教育、技能培训等公共服务的可获得性能够提高流动妇女的劳动参与率,而在职培训和教育水平在提高女性农民工收入方面发挥了重要作用。     

流动妇女的职业发展及其影响因素--以厦门市流动人口为例

本文利用厦门市流动人口系列抽样调查的数据对流动妇女在城乡流迁中的职业发展状况及其影响因素进行分析.结果表明,农村妇女进城后的户外就业率明显下降,但在外就业的职业层次却有所提升;流动妇女在流入地居住的时间、年龄、文化程度、结婚年数以及配偶的收入是影响她们职业发展的主要因素,其中在流入城市居住的时间有利于流动妇女的职业发展,而流动妇女的年龄及其丈夫的收入水平却和她们户外经济活动的参与成反比关系.为了发挥城乡流动对农村妇女职业发展的积极作用,建议在女性流动人口比较聚集的城市实行无年龄歧视的就业制度,同时加大对农村女性人口的公共教育资源的投入和自强自立的先进性别文化的宣传.     

关于我国妇女就业的几个问题

妇女就业问题历来令人关注。之所以如此,根本的原因就在于妇女就业是妇女解放的重要内容,同时又是妇女解放的先决条件。妇女解放,在私有制条件下首先就是要求摆脱剥削和压迫;在公有制条件下就是要求妇女和男子的完全平等。而妇女与男子的经挤平等,其实质就是妇女就业问题。同时,妇女就业又是妇女解放的先决条件。妇女不能就业,不能参加社会生产劳动,则妇女的解放,妇女与男子的经济平等、政治平等和社会平等,都是不能实现的。     

农民工就业培训的投资决策模型及实证分析

文章以人力资本投资理论为基础,建立农民工就业培训的投资决策模型。在模型的基础上,以武汉市的抽样调研数据为依据,对农民工就业培训的相关成本收益进行实证分析,结果显示,农民工参加就业培训后的收益是影响农民工就业培训意愿的主要因素;采用交叉表和Logistic模型对影响农民工就业培训决策的个人特征分析,结果显示性别、年龄、受教育程度和打工年限等个人特征都不同程度地影响农民工就业培训意愿。     

教育与城镇妇女就业相关性分析

本文通过对问卷调查数据分析 ,说明教育对提高女性劳动者素质和竞争力 ,提高就业层次 ,增加她们的收入的重要作用 ;探讨了就业领域中仍然存在的性别隔离现象 ;用调查数据说明妇女受教育程度与妇女就业意识、选择就业的态度和方式、控制劳动力供给的数量、职业流动的水平以及对自身社会处境的判断和期望的高低的相关性     

甘肃主要少数民族妇女就业问题研究

国内已有的妇女就业的研究主要偏重一个国家和地区妇女在经济领域的问题．而以民族进行划分对妇女在经济发展中的相关问题的研究较少涉及。本文以甘肃第六次人口普查的数据为依据．分析了甘肃10个主要少数民族妇女就业状况的民族差异和地区差异,在对甘肃主要少数民族妇女的就业进行因素分析的基础上,提出了少数民族妇女就业的模型。     

北京市城区在业妇女经济收入研究

妇女在现代部门中从事有报酬的劳动及在此基础上统计出的就业比率是国际社会用以考察妇女社会经济地位的重要指标,它同时也通常被认为是降低妇女生育率的关键性因素。由于历史的原因,以及其它个人的、社会的、文化的等等因素,现代社会中在业妇女的劳动报酬通常低于与她资历、学历、专业技能相仿的男性的劳动报酬。本文依据1991年夏对北京市城近郊区居民的婚姻与家庭调查资料,以调查的男性为参照对象,分析对比首都城区在业妇女的经济收入状况,并得出相应结论,旨在揭示这方面的具体的性别差异,为政府及其它有关部门制订政策、改进工作和科学研究服务。     

论日本就业状态的变化及其影响因素

战后日本经济经历过长期高速发展的辉煌 ,也经历了泡沫经济崩溃带来的长期痛苦。与经济发展的不同时期相对应 ,就业问题曾几度以不同的形式成为日本社会经济的重要课题。随着经济的发展以及产业结构和就业结构的变动 ,几十年来 ,日本走过了大量失业、充分就业、劳动力严重短缺、相对严重的失业这样一条道路。本文以宏观经济、产业结构、外贸收支、雇佣方式、妇女就业等几项具有日本特色的影响因素为中心简要地对上述过程进行考察分析     

公共就业服务能促进个体劳动参与吗？——来自CLDS的证据

在实现充分高质量就业的目标下,公共就业服务能否以及如何在就业促进上发挥积极作用同时具有政策意涵和实践意义。本文利用CLDS2018数据探索了公共就业服务和劳动参与间的关系及其影响机制,发现公共就业服务的覆盖面偏低,职业介绍和技能培训是主流服务项目,在控制多重影响因素后发现公共就业服务与失业状态呈显著的负相关关系,获得公共就业服务的支持可以降低劳动者陷入失业风险的概率,同时女性、高中及以下学历、农村地区、持有本地户籍的劳动者更容易从公共就业服务中受益,借助倾向得分匹配法和工具变量法处理模型可能存在内生性问题后结论依旧稳健。中介效应检验显示,技能提升与社交网络拓展是重要的影响渠道,公共就业服务所带来的人力资本、社会资本的积累与提升会降低失业的可能性,因此本文提出“扩面+提质”的政策路径,在增强公共就业服务可及与可得的同时强化技能提升类服务的供给。     

低生育 高素质:少数民族妇女发展的历史性跨跃

本文是作者为庆祝中华人民共和国建国五十周年而作。文章表明，我国少数民族妇女与发展是我国民族繁荣与发展的重要基础。在漫长的历史长河中，受不良生存环境以及多生多死低（负）增长的严酷人口再生产现实等因素影响，我国少数民族妇女始终处于高生育、低素质、无发展的境地。中华人民共和国成立后的五十年，特别是我国社会经济发生巨大历史变革的后二十年，少数民族妇女同全国人民一样，获得了从未有过的翻身解放和发展机遇。党和国家低生育高素质的政策引导和环境建设，使少数民族妇女在短短数十年中真正走出了无发展的历史困境，同时以崭新的姿态迈向二十一世纪。     

Changes in women’s postmarital employment in Japan and Taiwan

Research on female labor-force participation has not fully explained why economic development has different effects on married women's employment continuity across societies. I use life-history data from nationally representative samples of women in Japan and Taiwan to examine the divergence in women's patterns of labor-force exit in these two countries during the postwar period. The findings reveal that the effects of family demands, occupation, firm size, and employment sector on women's exit rates differed substantially between Japan and Taiwan. Taken together, these factors account for the different trends in married women's employment during this period. I argue that the cross-national differences in the predictors of women's labor-force withdrawal reflect the extent of incompatibility between work and family responsibilities for married women in these two societies.     

The determinants and patterns of married women's labor force participation in Korea

The present study investigates the determinants and patterns of married women's labor force participation in Korea. Married women's employment in Korea is largely determined by age, urban residence, household characteristics of the husband's socioeconomic status, family income, fertility, and the lagged effect of work. Older age, rural residence, inferior household economic condition, and recent work experience are the major positive causes of married women's participation in the market work. On the other hand, younger women with preschool children, who currently reside in urban areas, enjoying better household economic conditions (due to higher socioeconomic status of husbands and/or higher family income) are the groups of women with the smallest probability of working in the market. Married women's employment pattern in Korea shows a pattern typical of less-developed and low-income countries in two aspects: married women working and characterized by a low level of education; the difference between urban and rural areas in terms of work participation pattern is remarkable. Although Korea belongs to the advanced group of currently industrializing countries, she lags behind with other developing countries in terms of married women's employment. Moreover, it is difficult to predict in advance that Korea would have similar experiences as those of contemporary advanced countries.     

Family leave policies and women's retention after childbirth: Evidence from the United States, Britain, and Japan

This paper uses labour force survey data to examine the employment rates and employment decisions of women with young children in the United States, Britain and Japan. Our results confirm that young children have a very strong negative effect on women's employment; this effect is most pronounced in Britain. We then take advantage of panel data to investigate the effects of family leave coverage on women's job retention after childbirth. We find that family leave coverage increases the likelihood that a woman will return to her employer after childbirth in all three countries, with a particularly marked effect in Japan. This result suggests that the recent expansions in family leave coverage in the sample countries are likely to lead to increased employment of women after childbirth. Received: 10 July 1997/Accepted: 8 June 1998     

农村女性流动打工经历对其家庭经济地位的影响

本文利用调查数据,对是否外出打工及不同类型打工地的农村女性家庭经济地位差异进行对比,考查在资源因素与文化规范变迁的多重影响下,不同的打工经历对农村女性家庭经济地位的影响及其发展变化。     

广东妇女就业状况分析

本文以广东省第二期全国妇女社会调查资料为依据,首先对广东妇女就业现状进行分析,以此为基础,探讨广东妇女就业过程中存在的一些具体问题,最后就解决妇女就业难的问题提出了自身的见解。     

从社会性别视角探析农村妇女向非农产业转移

在农村剩余劳动力向非农产业转移过程中,农村妇女处于明显的不利地位,无论是转移规模还是外出务工的工资水平都低于男性。以社会性别理论为基础,从社会性别视角关注农村妇女的就业状况,分析不平等及性别歧视是农村妇女向非农产业转移的重要障碍,建议政府发挥更加积极的作用,提高农村妇女的社会地位、促进男女两性平等,从而促进农村妇女向非农产业的顺利转移。     

World fertility and the women's situation]

In 1981, total number of childbearing women in the world reached 9.8 hundred million. Their socioeconomic status and fertility level are very important data for the study of women's liberation and population control. Facing limited natural resources and a constant growing demand, many nations are studying how to control the population growth and achieve a "zero population growth." In nations with a high GNP, such as Switzerland, West Germany, and France, fertility is low. On the contrary, countries in central and south Asia and most parts of Africa are the poorest economically, and their fertility rate has remained very high. Another factor which is related to the fertility level is the degree of women's participation in the labor market. In Europe and North America, the percentage of women's participation in economic activities is high, and fertility is low. In Latin America and Africa, fertility is high, and the percentage of women's participation in economic labor is low. From the above, we may conclude that promotion of women's participation in the labor market and better employment conditions will reduce fertility. Another 2 factors related to fertility are marriage age and birth control rate. Late marriage and the extensive use of birth control measures are effective methods for reducing fertility. All the above mentioned factors are closely related to the woman's educational background. If women receive a better education and find better employment opportunities, delay their marriage age, and take birth control measures, fertility will be reduced and the population growth will be under control.     

土族女性非农就业与女性角色转换——以青海互助XZ村为例

本文通过对青海某村的调查,研究土族女性在非农业就业过程中角色的转变,以及这种角色转变对女性本人和当地生产生活的影响。     

The effects of siblings on the migration of women in two rural areas of Belgium and the Netherlands, 1829-1940

This study explores the extent to which the presence and activities of siblings shaped the chances of women migrating to rural and urban areas in two rural areas of Belgium and the Netherlands during the second half of the nineteenth and first decades of the twentieth century. Shared-frailty Cox proportional hazard analyses of longitudinal data from historical population registers show that siblings exerted an additive impact on women's migration, independently of temporal and household characteristics. Just how siblings influenced women's migration depended on regional modes of production and on employment opportunities. In the Zeeland region, sisters channelled each other into service positions. In the Pays de Herve, where men and women found industrial work in the Walloon cities, women were as much influenced by their brothers' activities. Evidence is found for two mechanisms explaining the effects of siblings: micro-economic notions of joint-household decision-making and social capital theory.     

Determinants of engagement in paid work following social security benefit receipt among older women

Work behavior among older men approaching or following retirement has received considerable research attention over the past two decades, but research on older women's work behavior is still in its incipient stage. Based on data from the 1982 New Beneficiary Survey (NBS) and the 1991 New Beneficiary Follow-up (NBF), this study analyzes the extent and determinants of employment among women who received their first Social Security benefits between 1980 and 1981. More than one fourth of the women continued to work or rejoined the labor force following their first Social Security benefit receipt. Financial need was found to be the primary reason for and the most significant determinant of women's continuing work or (re)entry into the labor force. But the level of education, health, spouse's work status, and previous work history were also found to be significant determinants of the likelihood and duration of their employment following Social Security receipt.