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1.
Family structure and children's achievements 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
In this paper we estimate the relationships between several outcomes in early adulthood (educational attainment, economic
inactivity, early childbearing, distress and smoking) and experience of life in a single-parent family during childhood. The
analysis is performed using a special sample of young adults, who are selected from the first five waves of the British Household
Panel Survey (1991–95) and can be matched with at least one sibling over the same period. We also perform level (logit) estimation
using another sample of young adults from the BHPS. We find that: (i) experience of life in a single-parent family is usually
associated with disadvantageous outcomes for young adults; (ii) most of the unfavourable outcomes are linked to an early family
disruption, when the child was aged 0–5; and (iii) level estimates, whose causal interpretation relies on stronger assumptions,
confirm the previous results and show that, for most outcomes, the adverse family structure effect persists even after controlling
for the economic conditions of the family of origin.
Received: 24 August 1998/Accepted: 21 January 2000 相似文献
2.
Child Poverty in Vietnam: Providing Insights Using a Country-Specific and Multidimensional Model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Despite a wide under-prioritization, the issue of child poverty has received increasing attention worldwide over the last
decade. The acknowledgement in Vietnam that child-specific poverty measurement is crucial for poverty efforts directed towards
children, and the current lack thereof, instigated the development of a Vietnam child poverty approach. This paper proposes
a country-specific, multidimensional and outcome-based approach for the measurement of the incidence, depth and severity of
child poverty. It does so at the level of the individual child using household survey data. The development of such an approach
at the level of the individual child presents an appropriate alternative for or supplement to the widely used monetary poverty
approach, allowing for the use of compatible analytical methods. Findings suggest that 37% of all children in Vietnam live
in poverty, with the most pressing areas of deprivation being water, sanitation and leisure. We do not find evidence for a
gender bias but do observe a large urban–rural divide, regional disparities and large ethnic inequalities. We argue that this
tailor-made approach is a valuable new tool for policy makers and analysts in Vietnam as it enables identification and analysis
of poor children, their characteristics and most pressing areas of deprivation within the country’s specific social and cultural
context. 相似文献
3.
Nguyen-dinh H 《Journal of population economics》1997,10(3):251-271
This paper is an economics-based quantitative analysis of the determinants of individual fertility in Vietnam, measured as
the number of children ever born. In addition to the conventional linear model, two limited dependent variable models, Poisson
and ordered-logit, are estimated using data from the 1988 Vietnam Demographic and Health Survery. We find, among other things, that husbands‘ characteristics are almost as important as those of wives in determining fertility,
perhaps a reflection of the still dominant role of husbands in Vietnamese families. Both paternal and maternal education have
important impacts on fertility. Of special interest is the evidence that supports the attitudinal effect of education over the opportunity-cost effect.
Received April 22, 1996 / Accepted January 13, 1997 相似文献
4.
Yuk King Lau 《Social indicators research》2010,95(3):363-376
Work and family conflicts are always viewed as issues of human resource management or occupational health. Insufficient attention
has been focused on the impact on child development and quality of parenting, especially regarding the impact of a father’s
work. To examine the impact of work and family conflicts on the quality of father–child interactions in Hong Kong, a cross-sectional
survey was conducted. In total, 556 pairs of working fathers and their school-aged children participated in the survey. The
findings of the survey indicated that fathers’ work-to-family conflicts negatively affected the quality of father–child interactions,
which in turn caused harm to children’s self-esteem. In addition to work-family conflicts, a low income level of the fathers,
a larger number of children in the family, and the presence in the family of children approaching adolescence were significant
risk factors to the quality of father–child interactions. The mothers’ active parental involvement and the complexity of the
fathers’ occupation were significant protective factors of the quality of father–child interactions. To facilitate strong
family bonding and good quality parenting, possible measures to ensure a healthy work-family balance among working fathers
are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Diane J. Macunovich 《Journal of population economics》2012,25(3):783-807
There are significant effects of changing demographics on economic indicators: not only growth in GDP but also the current
account balance and gross capital formation. The 15–24 age group is one of the key age groups in these effects, with increases
in that age group exerting strong positive effects on GDP growth, and negative effects on the CAB and GCF. There have been
major shifts in the share of the population aged 15–24 during the past half century or more, and 80% of these globally coincide
with declines in GDP growth. This appears to have been the pattern in four financial crises since 1980 as well as Japan’s
“lost decade.” The effect is even more pronounced for the 2008–2009 period. 相似文献
6.
Chang-Ming Hsieh 《Social indicators research》2008,87(1):127-137
This article seeks to extend Michalos’ [Social indicators research and health-related quality of life (QoL) research. Social Indicators Research, 65, 27–72, 2004] discussion on bridging social indicators research and health-related QoL (HRQoL) research through an examination
of (1) the relative importance of satisfaction with one’s own health to another common measure of QoL—Life satisfaction, and
(2) the relative importance of health in relation to other major life domains. Using data from two surveys, this article found
that individuals may perceive health as most important in relation to other major life domains but satisfaction with one’s
own health may not necessarily be the most important determining factor (in relation to satisfaction with other major life
domains) of QoL as measured by life satisfaction. These findings support Michalos’ (Social indicators research and HRQoL research.
Social Indicators Research, 65, 27–72, 2004) call for caution regarding the interpretation of research results on HRQoL since many HRQoL measures are measures
of satisfaction with one’s own health and should not be considered as measures of QoL. 相似文献
7.
This paper studies the effect of increased immigration in Austria on the unemployment risk of young natives. Austria experienced
a dramatic rise in the share of alien workers as a result of the breakdown of the former communist regimes (especially from
former Yugoslavia). We concentrate on unemployment entry of young male workers, who are supposed to compete most heavily with
new immigrants. Our results indicate that the detrimental impact – if it exists at all – is only minor. This is irrespective
of the analyzed proxy for competition: The share of foreign workers in an industry or in a region.
Received: 7 March 1996/Accepted: 20 March 1998 相似文献
8.
Child care, women's employment, and child outcomes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jane Waldfogel 《Journal of population economics》2002,15(3):527-548
This paper reviews the evidence on the impact of child care and maternal employment in the pre-school years on child outcomes.
This topic has long been of interest to economists, developmental psychologists, and scholars from other disciplines, and
has been the focus of increased attention in recent years, as research has provided additional evidence about the processes
of development in the earliest days, weeks, and years of life.1
In this paper, I review the evidence on two broad sets of questions: what we know about the potential benefits of early intervention
child care programs, and what we know about the effects (whether positive or negative) of maternal employment and child care
in the first years of life. The evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that we now know a good deal about both sets of questions.
But, this review also suggests that there are important gaps in our knowledge that future work by economists could fruitfully
address.
Received: 9 December 1999/Accepted: 20 September 2000 相似文献
9.
Mental Health of Parents and Life Satisfaction of Children: A Within-Family Analysis of Intergenerational Transmission of Well-Being 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper addresses the extent to which there is an intergenerational transmission of mental health and subjective well-being
within families. Specifically it asks whether parents’ own mental distress influences their child’s life satisfaction, and
vice versa. Whilst the evidence on daily contagion of stress and strain between members of the same family is substantial,
the evidence on the transmission between parental distress and children’s well-being over a longer period of time is sparse.
We tested this idea by examining the within-family transmission of mental distress from parent to child’s life satisfaction,
and vice versa, using rich longitudinal data on 1,175 British youths. Results show that parental distress at year t − 1 is an important determinant of child’s life satisfaction in the current year. This is true for boys and girls, although
boys do not appear to be affected by maternal distress levels. The results also indicated that the child’s own life satisfaction
is related with their father’s distress levels in the following year, regardless of the gender of the child. Finally, we examined
whether the underlying transmission correlation is due to shared social environment, empathic reactions, or transmission via
parent–child interaction. 相似文献
10.
This paper reviews the medical (salutogenic) effect of interventions that aim to improve quality of life. Review of studies
where the global quality of life in chronically ill patients was improved independently of subjective and objective factors
(like physical and mental health, yearly income, education, social network, self-esteem, sexual ability and problems or work).
The methods used were subtypes of integrative medicine (non-drug CAM) like mind body medicine, body psychotherapy, clinical
holistic medicine, consciousness-based medicine and sexology. In about 20 papers on QOL as medicine, in cancer, coronary heart
disease, chronic pain, mental illness, sexual dysfunction, low self-esteem, low working ability and poor QOL, the most successful
intervention strategy seems to be to create a maternal, infantile bonding induced by a combination of conversation therapy
and bodywork. The papers examined the treatments of over 2,000 chronically ill or dysfunctional patients and more than 20
different types of health problems. Global QOL measured by SEQOL, QOL5, QOL1, self-rated physical health, self-rated mental health, self-rated sexual functioning,
anorgasmia, genital pain, self-rated working ability, self-rated relation to self, well-being, life-satisfaction, happiness,
fulfillment of needs, experience of temporal and spatial domains, expression of life’s potentials, and objective functioning.
We found “QOL as medicine” able in the treatment of physical disorders and illnesses including chronic pain (Number Needed
to Treat (NNT) = 1–3, Number Needed to Harm (NNH) > 500), in mental illness (NNT = 1–3, NNH > 500), in sexual dysfunctions
(NNT = 1–2, NNH > 1,000), self-rated low working ability (NNT = 2, NNH > 500), and self-rated low QOL (NNT = 2, NNH > 2,000).
We found that QOL improving interventions helped or cured 30–90% of the patients, typically within one year, independent of
the type of health problem. “QOL as medicine” seems to be able in improving chronic mental, somatic and sexual health issues
without side effects. 相似文献
11.
Evolution of recent economic-demographic modeling: A synthesis 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This paper develops a flexible framework for modeling population's role in economic growth by assessing and extending a rendering
suggested by several Harvard economists. Our framework includes a ``productivity' model explaining output-per-worker growth
and a ``translation' model translating that growth into per-capita terms. We specify a core economic model and several ``enriched'
demographic variants that include dependency, size, and density. Regressions using a cross-country panel spanning the period
1960-1995 reveal that combined impacts of demographic change have accounted for approximately 20% of per capita output growth
impacts, with larger shares in Asia and Europe.
An earlier draft of this paper was presented at a conference on ``Population Change, Labor Market Transition and Economic
Development in Asia,' Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 6–9 December 2002. A pre-publication version
of this paper will be presented at a joint conference (by COE/JEPA) entitled ``Towards a new economic paradigm: Declining
population growth, labor market transition and economic development under globalization,' held at the Awaji Yumebutai International
Conference Center, Kobe, Japan, 17–19 December 2005. We have benefited from comments by Michelle Connolly, Andrew Mason, Pietro
Peretto, Warren Sanderson, Alessandro Tarozzi, Jeffrey Williamson, and two anonymous referees.
Responsible editor: Junsen Zhang. 相似文献
12.
Using data from five waves of the Women’s Employment Survey (WES; 1997–2003), we examine the links between low-income mothers’
employment patterns and the emotional behavior and academic progress of their children. We find robust and substantively important
linkages between several different dimensions of mothers’ employment experiences and child outcomes. The pattern of results
is similar across empirical approaches—including ordinary least squares and child fixed-effect models, with and without an
extensive set of controls. Children exhibit fewer behavior problems when mothers work and experience job stability (relative
to children whose mothers do not work). In contrast, maternal work accompanied by job instability is associated with significantly
higher child behavior problems (relative to employment in a stable job). Children whose mothers work full-time and/or have
fluctuating work schedules also exhibit significantly higher levels of behavior problems. However, full-time work has negative
consequences for children only when it is in jobs that do not require cognitive skills. Such negative consequences are completely
offset when this work experience is in jobs that require the cognitive skills that lead to higher wage growth prospects. Finally,
fluctuating work schedules and full-time work in non-cognitively demanding jobs are each strongly associated with the probability
that the child will repeat a grade or be placed in special education. 相似文献
13.
Festus A. Ukwuani Gretchen T. Cornwell Chirayath M. Suchindran 《Journal of Population Research》2002,19(2):155-171
Mortality risks under age five are estimated using data from the 1990 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey for children
in monogamous and polygynous families. Integrating existing theories on polygyny’s relationship with infant and child mortality
and some demographic concepts, the study shows that polygyny has different effects on infant and child mortality at different
ages. The results indicate that polygyny does not have a significant effect on neonatal mortality (age less than one month).
In contrast to the results of previous research, polygyny is significantly associated with lower child mortality during the
post-neonatal period (1–11 months), but not during childhood (12–59 months). The study found socio-economic factors to be
important confounders of the relationship between polygyny and mortality during the neonatal and post-neonatal periods. The
protective effect of polygyny during the post-neonatal period suggests the need to further investigate circumstances that
may favour post-neonatal child survival in polygynous families including availability of childcare. 相似文献
14.
Judith Christine Streak Derek Yu Servaas Van der Berg 《Social indicators research》2009,94(2):183-201
This paper offers evidence on the sensitivity of child poverty in South Africa to changes in the adult equivalence scale (AES)
and updates the child poverty profile based on the Income and Expenditure Survey 2005/06. Setting the poverty line at the
40th percentile of households calculated with different AESs the scope and composition of child poverty are found to be relatively
insensitive to the scale used. The rankings of children of different ages, girls versus boys, racial groupings and children
living in rural versus urban areas are unaffected by choice of AES, although some provincial rankings on the poverty headcount
measure are. The proportions of children and households ‘correctly’ identified as poor for the full range of scales is extremely high.
These findings support the argument that it may be appropriate for profiling poverty in South Africa to use a poverty line
based on a per capita welfare measure. For the construction of the child poverty profile, per capita income is used as the
welfare indicator with the poverty line set at the 40th percentile of household. The profile suggests that poverty amongst
children is more extensive than amongst the population or adults even after the massive injection of transfers into households
with poor children through the child support grant. The child poverty headcount, depth and severity are all highest amongst
children age 0–4 and lowest amongst those aged 15–17, who are not yet beneficiaries of the grants. They are also highest amongst
African and Coloured children. Large variations across provinces remain. The analysis underlines the importance of prioritising
children in the fight against poverty, particularly in their earliest years. 相似文献
15.
Few studies have examined the effects of early life conditions on the timing of the onset of heart disease. We use the remarkable
example of a representative sample of the population of older Puerto Ricans aged 60– 74 who lived in the countryside during
childhood (n = 1,438) to examine the effects of seasonal exposures to poor nutrition and infectious diseases during late gestation on
the timing of the onset and the probability of ever experiencing adult heart disease. Cox and log logistic hazard models controlling
for childhood conditions (self-reported childhood health status and socioeconomic status [SES], rheumatic fever, and knee
height) and adult risk factors (adult SES, obesity, smoking, texercise, and self-reported diabetes) showed that the risk of
onset of heart disease was 65% higher among those born during high-exposure periods compared with unexposed individuals. However,
there were no significant differences in median time of onset for those ever experiencing heart disease. As a comparison,
we found that there were no significant seasonality effects for those who lived in urban areas during childhood. We conclude
that early exposures in utero have important ramifications for adult heart disease among the older Puerto Rican population.
We show, however, that while exposure is associated with the probability of ever experiencing adult heart disease, it is not
associated with the timing of onset among those who do experience it. 相似文献
16.
Irwin Garfinkel Chien-Chung Huang Sara S. McLanahan Daniel S. Gaylin 《Journal of population economics》2003,16(1):55-70
This paper examines the effects of stronger child support enforcement and declines in welfare benefits on changes in non-marital
childbearing between 1980 and 1996. Economic theory suggests that stricter child support enforcement will increase the costs
of children for unwed fathers, making them less likely to have a child outside marriage. Reductions in welfare benefits also
are expected to increase the costs of non-marital childbearing for both mothers and fathers. We examine these hypotheses,
using aggregate state-level data and fixed effects regression models to identify the effects of policies on non-marital birth
rates. We find that both stricter child support enforcement and declines in welfare benefits deter non-marital births. However,
the estimated effects of child support enforcement are more robust and larger than those of welfare. The estimates imply that
in the 1980–1996 period, increases in child support enforcement led to a decline in non-marital birth rates in the range of
6% to 9%, whereas decreases in welfare benefits led to a decline in the range of 2% to 4%.
Received: 28 June 2000/Accepted: 17 September 2001 相似文献
17.
Based on unique data from the largest-ever sample of the Chinese oldest-old aged 80 and older, our multivariate logistic regression analyses show that either receiving adequate medical service during sickness in childhood or never/rarely suffering from serious illness during childhood significantly reduces the risk of being ADL (activities of daily living) impaired, being cognitively impaired, and self-reporting poor health by 18%-33% at the oldest-old ages. Estimates of effects for five other indicators of childhood conditions are similarly positive but mostly not statistically significant. Multivariate survival analysis shows that better childhood socioeconomic conditions in general tend to reduce the four-year period mortality risk among the oldest-old. But after additional controls for 14 covariates are put into the model, the effects are not statistically significant, thus suggesting that most of the effects of childhood conditions on oldest-old mortality are indirect-at least to the point of affecting current health status at the oldest-old ages, which itself is strongly associated with mortality. While acknowledging limitations of the present analyses due to a lack of information on childhood illness, the oldest-olds'recollection errors, and other data problems, we conclude, based on this and other studies, that policies that enhance childhood health care and children's socioeconomic well-being can have large and long-lasting benefits up to the oldest-old ages. 相似文献
18.
We investigate the level and selectivity of emigration from the United States among foreign-born adults. We use the CPS Matching
Method (Van Hook et al. 2006) to estimate the probability of emigration among foreign-born adults aged 18–34, 35–64 and 65+ from 1996 to 2009 (N = 92,852). The results suggest higher levels of emigration than used in the production of official population estimates.
Also, indicators of economic integration (home ownership, school enrollment, poverty) and social ties in the U.S. (citizenship,
having young children, longer duration in the United States) deter emigration. Conversely, having connections with the sending
society, such as living apart from a spouse, was associated with emigration, particularly among Mexican men. Health was least
strongly related to emigration. Simulations suggest that selective emigration may alter the home ownership and marital status,
but not health, composition of immigrant cohorts. The implications for public policy are discussed. 相似文献
19.
This paper reports indirect evidence that prenatal sex selection is a contributor to the recent increase in sex ratio at birth
in Vietnam. The paper uses birth data from the Population Change Survey 2006 to assess the associations between sex ratio
at birth and variables that predict increased opportunities to practise prenatal sex selection, including maternal knowledge
of foetal sex before birth, the use of ultrasound for foetal sex determination, the gestation week when foetal sex was disclosed,
and access to abortion services. The high sex ratio of most recent births was significantly associated with the use of ultrasound
to determine the foetal sex in gestation weeks 12–22 and with access to family planning services that provide abortion. Prenatal
sex selection in health facilities are likely to contribute to the recent increase in sex ratio at birth in Vietnam. 相似文献
20.
Amal Kanti Ray 《Social indicators research》2008,87(3):409-425
The economic reforms initiated in India in 1991 have brought about visible upliftment of economic conditions of the country.
This paper examines if the economic process is associated with an enhancement of India’s social development in equal measure
in the reform decade of nineties. Ray (1989) considered thirteen social indicators of India and constructed the country’s
social development index (SDI) as a certain weighted average of the selected indicators, for the years between 1950–51 and
1975–76. The present work broadly follows Ray (1989) in tracking the social development in the decade of economic reforms from 1990–91 to 1999–2000. The movement of SDI in nineties
has been compared with the movements of India’s per capita income and plan expenditure on the social sector. The results show
that though there has been growth in the social sector, it is not by far quite encouraging and perhaps more needs to be done
in the social sector.
The views expressed in the article are those of the author and not of the institution he serves. 相似文献