经理人权力、薪酬结构与企业业绩

经理人薪酬合约的安排,既是为了缓解代理问题,其本身也可能受到经理人权力的影响.本文实证检验了经理人权力对薪酬结构的影响,发现经理人权力越大时,越倾向于选择高额的货币化报酬,以替代在职消费.进一步看,本文结合经理人权力这一重要权变变量,探讨不同情况下,经理人薪酬结构安排对企业业绩的影响.结论表明,当经理人权力较大时,在职消费一定程度上能够协调公司的利益和经理人的私人利益相一致,对企业业绩发挥积极作用;但当经理人权力越大、同时货币薪酬对在职消费的替代性越强时,经理人越有可能滥用在职消费,降低企业业绩,导致在职消费激励效率低下的主要原因是其使用用途的不规范.不同于以往研究结论中一概而论地只关注在职消费激励的低效率,本文的研究结论部分支持了经理人权力和薪酬结构的相机治理原则.     

制度环境、管理层权力及文化企业高管薪酬的激励效应

基于文化企业的产业特性和制度背景,系统分析文化企业高管的显性薪酬和隐性薪酬的激励效应,深入探讨薪酬规制和管理层权力对薪酬激励的调节作用,并进行实证检验。研究发现:文化企业高管的显性薪酬与企业绩效正相关,股权薪酬对绩效的影响尤为显著,隐性薪酬与企业绩效负相关;政府对显性薪酬的行政规制,降低了显性薪酬的正向激励效应;文化企业内部管理层权力的增大,强化了隐性薪酬的负向激励效应。     

上市公司绩效与管理层薪酬的实证研究——基于2008-2009年沪深上市公司的数据分析

管理层的薪酬激励向来被认为是解决委托代理问题的一种重要的公司治理机制。股东大会选出董事会,董事会再选聘管理层并确定其薪酬,被认为是现代企业管理层激励机制运行的基本模式。本文选用我国上市公司2008-2009年的相关数据来考察     

产权性质、管理层权力与薪酬差距激励效应——基于政府补助的中介作用

 薪酬差距激励效应一直是理论研究和实证研究的热点。锦标赛理论和行为理论忽略了管理层权力的影响，因而对薪酬差距激励效应的解释能力有限。        将管理层权力引入研究框架，以政府补助为中介变量，检验管理层权力通过政府补助作用于薪酬差距的具体过程和经济后果，以及公司内外部机制的治理作用。特别地，考虑中国特殊的制度环境，国有企业改革导致管理层权力不断提升和膨胀，基于产权性质的视角展开对比研究。以2010年至2014年沪深A股上市公司7 999个观测值为样本，运用SAS 9.2和多元回归方法进行实证研究。        研究结果表明，在管理层权力的作用下，政府补助加剧高管与普通员工之间的薪酬差距，与民营企业相比，国有企业获得的政府补助更能加大薪酬差距；进一步地，将薪酬差距分解为管理层从政府补助中攫取的权力性薪酬差距和剔除政府补助影响后的薪酬差距后发现，权力性薪酬差距起负向激励效应，降低企业未来绩效，并且在国有企业中权力性薪酬差距的负向激励效应更强；剔除政府补助影响后的薪酬差距能够起到正面激励效应，提高企业未来绩效，并且该效应不因产权性质的不同而改变。        深入研究还发现，以董事会和政府干预为代表的内外部机制能够起到有效的治理作用，董事会规模越小、独立董事比例越高、董事会会议次数越多、政府干预程度越高，权力性薪酬差距的负向激励效应越弱。        研究结论不仅为薪酬差距激励效应的研究提供理论上的补充，也为上市公司制定更优的薪酬契约和完善的治理机制提供理论依据和指导。     

高管薪酬自愿性披露存在信息操纵吗——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

不断强化上市公司高管薪酬信息披露,增强高管薪酬激励透明度,一直被视为提升企业高管薪酬治理效率的重要途径.本文以2007-2011年我国A股上市公司为样本,从代理成本角度研究了企业管理层实施高管薪酬自愿性披露的动机和策略.实证研究发现:(1)企业高管获取的货币性私有收益越高,管理层自愿披露更多但相关性不高的高管货币性薪酬信息;(2)企业高管获取的货币性私有收益越高,管理层自愿披露高管在职消费信息的程度就越低;(3)企业高管货币性私有收益与高管薪酬自愿性披露的显著相关性主要存在于国有控股企业中.上述发现表明,国有企业管理层攫取货币性私有收益后,企业高管薪酬自愿性披露存在明显的信息操纵.     

外部薪酬差距激励了高管吗——基于中国上市公司经理人市场与产权性质的经验研究

本文以高管外部薪酬差距为切入点,考察了企业高管所面临的经理人市场对企业业绩的影响及其内在机理。结果表明,非国有企业的高管外部薪酬差距与企业业绩正相关,但国有企业的高管外部薪酬差距与企业业绩并不存在显著相关关系,说明了受管制的国有企业经理人市场无法对高管带来正向激励。外部薪酬差距对非国有企业高管的正向激励效应仅存在于高管薪酬高于行业平均薪酬的样本中。本文发现,当企业上一年的高管薪酬低于行业平均高管薪酬时,为了使高管薪酬水平达到行业平均薪酬水平,其高管薪酬的增长幅度要高于行业的增长幅度,而且高管薪酬与行业平均薪酬基准的差距越大,高管的薪酬在当年增加得越多,意味着我国高管薪酬制定受行业薪酬增长影响很大,从而削弱了外部薪酬差距激励的有效性。当上一年的高管薪酬高于行业平均高管薪酬时,国有企业高管的管理层权力越大,其薪酬在当年增加得越多,高管的管理层权力同样地削弱了外部薪酬差距的激励效应。     

从绩效薪酬角度研究在职消费

薪酬契约是公司治理结构的重要组成部分,在职消费作为薪酬契约的一部分,长期以来被人们所误解,本文在阐明在职消费研究意义的基础上,从在职消费成因、影响因素及规范措施三方面进行分析,对研究企业薪酬激励与制度约束的制衡、企业绩效提高,具有重要意义。     

市场化进程、管理层权力与公司现金持有

股东与管理层的代理冲突是影响公司现金持有的关键因素,管理层权力的大小又体现了股东与管理层的代理冲突程度。本文运用2006-2010年我国上市公司数据,基于市场化进程的制度背景,实证检验了管理层权力与现金持有的关系。研究发现,管理层权力显著提高了上市公司的现金持有水平,但由管理层权力导致的高额持有现金产生了负面的价值效应,管理层权力对现金持有的影响与企业所在地区的市场化进程相关,市场化进程能够降低管理层权力与现金持有水平的正相关性,并进一步弱化管理层权力导致的高额持有现金的负面价值效应;进一步检验表明,权力强大的管理层所持有的高额现金恶化了公司过度投资,而市场化进程能够抑制管理层利用权力持有大量现金进行过度投资的行为。     

高级管理层持股与公司经营业绩:理论、经验与实践

将高级管理层持股和企业业绩相联系是西方企业管理体现激励制约机制和解决代理问题的一种通行做法。西方对高级管理层持股与公司绩效关系的研究,揭示了这一关系呈现出从显著的正相关关系、非线形关系到目前的管理层持股内生性的发展。然而,我国就该问题的研究仍然主要集中在二者是否相关这样的基础问题上。本文为此对我国管理层持股与经营绩效的关系进行了理论和经验分析,认为管理层应适度持股以更好发挥持股的激励效应,但是强调应该尊重这种制度所具有的内生性特点。     

公司治理对R&D投入与企业绩效关系调节效应研究

公司治理通过监督和激励机制来控制经理人的机会主义行为,使经理人有效配置资源,从而影响R&D项目的执行效果,最终影响企业绩效,公司治理自然被作为R&D投入与企业绩效关系的调节变量引入。基于委托代理理论,从理论上论证公司治理是如何调节R&D投入与企业绩效的关系,并且提出相应假设,选取中国A股制造业上市公司为研究样本,利用层次回归方法和分组分析方法,检验机构投资者、国有控股、董事会、经理层股权激励对R&D投入与企业绩效关系的调节效应。检验结果表明,机构投资者和独立董事对R&D投入与企业绩效没有调节作用,机构投资者与企业绩效有显著的直接关系,国有控股、董事会会议强度对二者关系有负向调节作用,经理层股权激励对二者关系有正向调节效应。从检验结果可以看出,R&D活动严重的信息不对称性和高度的专业性使得对其监督的难度比较大,通过给经理人一定的股权,使他们成为股东,用激励机制解决R&D活动中的代理问题可能效果更好。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.