流动人口社会融入对其父母家庭养老的影响——基于2013年全国七城市的实证研究

文章利用2013年全国七个城市流动人口的问卷调查数据,使用Logistic回归分析流动人口社会融入对其父母家庭养老的影响,以父母养老地点作为被解释变量探讨其影响因素.模型结果表明,传统的养老观念并不因人口流动而弱化,流动人口社会融入感的增强对父母未来养老地点的选择具有重要影响.流动人口的个人因素和家庭因素也有显著影响:年龄在18~40岁、拥有非农户口、受教育程度越高、家庭有产权房、在流入地有买房打算和定居意愿、与本地人交往较多的流动人口将父母接到身边养老的意愿更强,而传统的性别差异、农村土地承担的养老功能以及流动人口在流入地的居住时间则对被解释变量没有显著影响,并提出增强流动人口融入感和归属感等政策建议.     

农村流动人口城市化的影响机制——基于社会网络视角的发现

文章基于2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据,综合运用Probit模型和扩展回归模型检验农村流动人口在流入地的差异化社会网络建立对其居留意愿的影响。研究发现,社会网络的建立对农村流动人口在流入地城市的居留意愿和定居可能性有显著的提升作用,其作用机制包括个体社会资本积累和城市身份认同强化。进一步分析发现,本地社会网络的建立会显著增强农村流动人口的城市居留意愿,而乡土社会网络和外地社会网络建立的影响则不显著,表明内嵌于本地社会网络中的个体社会资本和城市身份认同对城市融入的作用更强。文章聚焦于流动人口半城市化的社会关系根源,从理论和实证的角度探讨了社会网络与农村流动人口城市化的关联,研究结果对完善以人为核心的新型城镇化建设具有重要的政策含义。     

户籍地禀赋与流入地融合 ——流动人口定居意愿影响因素研究

定居意愿是衡量流动人口转向稳定生活状态的重要指标,实则包含了居留意愿和落户意愿两方面的内容。基于2017年全国流动人口卫生计生动态监测数据,通过建立多项Logistic回归模型的方法,重点从与制度结构相关的“户籍地禀赋”与“流入地融合”两个维度,分析流动人口“居留-落户”的定居意愿状况及其影响因素。研究结果表明,户籍地禀赋性因素的“回流”效应和流入地融合性因素的“拉动”效应对流动人口不同层面定居意愿的影响存在差异:与责任、情感、伦理相关的户籍地禀赋性因素以及与经济融入、社会与文化接纳相关的流入地融合性因素对流动人口居留意愿的影响比较显著;与财富价值相关的户籍地禀赋性因素以及与城乡区位相关的流入地融合性因素对流动人口落户意愿的影响比较显著;制度融入因素、生活融入因素、身份认同因素则对两个维度的定居意愿都产生了显著影响。因此,对于具有定居意愿的流动人口,政府应该努力实现基本公共服务的全覆盖,激发流动人口参与社会建设、增强对流入地的身份认同与文化接纳等融合水平;对于没有定居意愿的流动人口,也需为其“回流”后在户籍地的再次融入提供良好的制度保障环境。     

家庭化流动对流动人口就业率和就业稳定性的影响及其性别差异——基于2013年全国流动人口动态监测数据的分析

文章利用2013年全国流动人口动态监测数据,使用二项Logistic方法深入探讨了家庭化流动对流动人口的就业率和就业稳定性的影响程度及其性别差异.研究结果显示,家庭化流动模式的不同对流动人口就业状况的影响有显著的性别差异.对于在流入地实现完整家庭流动的流动女性来说,她们在就业过程中往往呈现出就业率低和就业不稳定的特征;与此不同的是,家庭化流动虽然对男性流动人口的就业率没有显著影响,但其对男性流动人口的就业稳定性有显著促进和提升作用.另外,个体因素、 地区因素和社会经济因素等也会显著影响不同性别流动人口的就业状态.最后,本文还针对研究结果提出了几点政策建议.     

家庭流动对流动人口家庭成员就业状况的影响

文章利用中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心于2009年在北京朝阳区、广东东莞市和浙江诸暨市组织进行的流动人口调查数据,分析了家庭流动对流动人口家庭成员就业状况的影响。研究发现,家庭流动对男性和女性流动人口均有影响,对女性流动人口的影响更大,男性流动人口就业可能性和工作时间受到影响,而女性流动人口就业可能性和收入受到显著影响。     

流动人口养老保险参与意愿及其影响因素的实证研究——基于“有限理性”学说

依据西蒙的"有限理性"假说对流动人口养老保险的参与意愿进行分析,是否参与养老保险是流动人口根据外部环境和制度因素以及自己的经济、家庭因素等对自己未来养老预期达到满意程度的行为选择。基于2009年流入地数据,将流动人口是否参加养老保险作为被解释变量,将流动人口的个人因素、工作状况、家庭因素以及社会政策及融入感因素作为解释变量,建立二元Logistic回归模型,分析流动人口养老保险参与意愿及其影响因素,研究结果表明流动人口的个人因素和工作状况是影响参保意愿的重要因素。     

流动人口户籍迁移意愿的分层模型研究

将2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据和城市特征数据进行匹配,使用非线性分层模型分析了流动人口户籍迁移意愿的影响因素。结果表明,流动人口的个人基本特征、经济状况、流动特征对户籍迁移意愿存在单独的影响,流入城市特征不存在对流动人口户籍迁移意愿的直接影响,但通过流动人口个人层面特征跨层交互作用于流动人口的户籍迁移意愿。有子女随迁和在流入地居留时间越长的流动人口户籍迁移意愿越强,流入地的教育公共服务质量越好越会强化这种倾向;已在流入地购房、受教育程度越高、女性流动人口的户籍迁移意愿更高,流入地的人口规模越大越会加强这种作用。     

不同流入地青年流动人口的社会支持与生活满意度

了解不同流入地的青年流动人口社会支持与生活满意度的相关性,为建立稳固的社会支持系统和提升青年流动人口的生活满意度水平提供理论基础.文章根据2015年3～5月对北京、上海和深圳年龄介于18～35岁青年流动人口的调查,对符合条件的2998名研究对象进行了分析.结果表明,不同流入地的青年流动人口生活满意度水平存在差异(P＜0.001),北京地区的青年流动人口生活满意度最高,深圳最低;不同流入地青年流动人口的社会支持对其生活满意度均有正向影响(P＜0.001);不同流动类型、教育程度、经济融入状况、健康状况的青年流动人口,其生活满意度水平存在差异(P＜0.05).政府部门应协同合作,结合属地情况,提供有效的社会支持,提高其生活满意度水平.     

流动人口家庭化特征、趋势及影响因素研究

本文根据2015年和2011年全国流动人口动态监测数据分析了我国流动人口家庭化特征、变动趋势及其影响因素.研究结果显示,随着流动人口的流动模式的转变,流动人口家庭化呈现规模扩大化、结构核心化和转化多元化的特征.具体表现在:流动人口的家庭规模不断扩大,4人户及以上所占比重有所增加;流动人口的家庭结构核心化,即夫妻和子女或未婚子女和父母一起流动成为当前主要的流动模式;三代主干家庭在流入地得以维系,流动人口家庭呈现出分裂而又聚合的多元化态势.同时,影响流动人口家庭化的因素复杂多样,个体层面的代际差异和职业类型、家庭层面的收支状况以及社会层面的户籍制度和居留时间等因素均对其产生显著影响.伴随着流动人口家庭化进程,流动人口家庭对流入地社会公共服务资源,如教育、医疗等方面的需求更为急迫.     

人力资本与流动人口的社会融入

社会融入是一个经典的社会学话题,而流动前后获得的各类人力资本是移民融入的决定要素之一.文章实证研究了国内流动人口的人力资本对社会融入的影响.总体而言,人力资本大都提升收入水平,促进社区参与,增强对流入地文化理念的接纳和长期居留意愿.但是,人力资本与不同融入维度之间的关系并非整齐划一,对经济的影响最大,对文化的影响最小;在多个人力资本变量中,岗位就业年数对融入的影响最为一致,其作用不亚于正规教育.这些都表明,人力资本与融入之间存在一种有差别的关系,因融入的维度和测量指标而异.但是,不是提高了收入,流动人口就能全面融入:提升流动人口流入前的人力资本,强化流动后的工作经验积累,对于流动人口的全面融入至关重要.     

Different Reasons,Different Results: Implications of Migration by Gender and Family Status

Previous research on migration and gendered career outcomes centers on couples and rarely examines the reason for the move. The implicit assumption is usually that households migrate in response to job opportunities. Based on a two-year panel from the Current Population Survey, this article uses stated reasons for geographic mobility to compare earnings outcomes among job migrants, family migrants, and quality-of-life migrants by gender and family status. We further assess the impact of migration on couples’ internal household economy. The effects of job-related moves that we find are reduced substantially in the fixed-effects models, indicating strong selection effects. Married women who moved for family reasons experience significant and substantial earnings declines. Consistent with conventional models of migration, we find that household earnings and income and gender specialization increase following job migration. Married women who are secondary earners have increased odds of reducing their labor supply following migration for job or family reasons. However, we also find that migrating women who contributed as equals to the household economy before the move are no more likely than nonmigrant women to exit work or to work part-time. Equal breadwinner status may protect women from becoming tied movers.     

Informal search,bad search?: the effects of job search method on wages among rural migrants in urban China

The use of informal job search method is prevalent in many countries. There is, however, no consensus in the literature on whether it actually matters for wages, and if it does, what are the underlying mechanisms. We empirically examine these issues specifically for rural migrants in urban China, a country where one of the largest domestic migration in human history has occurred over the past decades. We find that there exists a significant wage penalty for those migrant workers who have conducted their search through informal channels, despite their popularity. Our further analysis suggests two potential reasons for the wage penalty: (1) the informal job search sends a negative signal (of workers’ inability to successfully find a job in a competitive market) to potential employers, resulting in lower wages, and (2) there exists a trade-off between wages and search efficiency for quicker entry into local labor market. We also find some evidence that the informal job search may lead to low-skilled jobs with lower wages. We do not find strong evidence supporting alternative explanations.     

流动人口初职时间间隔及其影响因素的性别差异——基于生存分析的视角

基于福建省2977个流动人口职业流动的个体历时数据,应用Kaplan-Meyer方法和Cox比例风险模型方法,对不同性别流动人口的初职时间间隔及其影响因素的异同进行分析。研究发现,与男性流动人口相比,女性流动人口离开初职的概率略小,但在初职的时间间隔偏短。在初职时间间隔的影响因素中,初职收入、教育年限、婚姻状态、家庭迁移类型和流入地城镇等级规模的影响存在性别共性,而家庭抚养比、职业类型、企业性质和来源地类型的影响存在性别差异。     

Shifts in the employment outcomes among Mexican migrants to the United States, 1976–2009

Although studies have examined the impact of U.S. immigration policy shifts in the 1980s and 1990s on the employment outcomes of migrants, scholars have paid less attention to how the federal government's shifting approach to worksite enforcement has transformed the conditions in which Mexican migrants work. Consistent with previous research, we find a worsening of conditions for both unauthorized and legal Mexican migrants in the years following the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) and that unauthorized status is associated with more unfavorable workplace conditions relative to legal immigrants. However, in the first decade of the 21st century, we also find that unauthorized immigrants’ employment outcomes more closely resemble those of legal immigrants now than in the past, suggesting a dramatic shift in the ways that employers treat unauthorized immigrants on the job. This convergence between authorized and unauthorized migrants is consistent with federal policies and practices related to workplace enforcement.     

Ethnic Business in der Leiharbeit – Einblicke in einen wenig bekannten Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland

Since the Agenda 2010 temporary work is even economically and politically a success story in Germany. Inside that branch you also find Ethnic Business, id est that the director of the conferrer and the employees are belonging to the same ethnic group. The recruiting strategies are most informal within the ethnic group and working for an “ethnic conferrer” oftentimes means the last chance for migrants who get no other job on the formal job market. But the temporary work-business in Germany has a bad reputation and a lot of questions are going along with Ethnic Business in that particular branch: What are the migrant’s motives for working to an ethnic conferrer? What are the attractive aspects of founding an ethnic model of temporary employment agency? Have ethnic conferrers the ability to create new stability for the migrants inside a highly unstable branch?     

Returning to a New Mexican Labor Market? Regional Variation in the Economic Incorporation of Return Migrants from the U.S. to Mexico

Population Research and Policy Review - In recent years, a historically unprecedented number of Mexican migrants to the U.S. returned to Mexico. Compared to previous cohorts, recent return migrants...     

我国移民子女家庭的最新发展

本文使用原国家人口和计划生育委员会2010年“流动人口动态监测”调查原始数据,对不同类型移民子女的家庭发展环境和状况进行考察.具体分析了我国移民子女全部随迁、全部留守和部分随迁家庭的规模、结构及迁移特点,各类家庭的收入与消费特征,从安居乐业的角度研究移民子女家庭的稳定性.最后针对移民子女家庭的主要发展问题与发展需求,文章提出了相应的对策建议.     

The Age of Migration in China

Using data from the 1987 and 1995 China One Percent Population Sample Surveys, this article examines migration patterns during 1982–95, a period of sweeping social and economic changes in China. Several major patterns are evident: the increase in overall migration and especially in temporary migration, the increasing importance of inter‐provincial migration, and the concentration of migrants in the coastal region. Over time, migrants of rural origin were more likely to choose cities as destinations than towns. The consequences and implications of the changes in migration patterns are explored.     

Will workfare work? Job availability for welfare recipients in rural and urban America

Ongoing concern over welfare dependency has stimulated the US Government to enact welfare reform legislation that features work requirements. Under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, millions of able-bodied welfare recipients will now be expected to find work within two years. We analyze data from the March 1994 Current Population Survey to address the neglected question of whether a sufficient number of jobs will be available for those looking for work. Using two methods to estimate job availability, and a variety of assumptions about which welfare recipients will be required to work, we estimate that as few as 18 and as many as 54 welfare recipients and other unemployed individuals would be competing for each available job. Separate analyses by residence provided equivocal evidence on whether metropolitan or nonmetropolitan welfare recipients will have the more difficult time finding gainful employment.     

A Group Practice Strategy for Helping Unemployed Older Women Find Employment

Unemployed older women face significant obstacles in the labor market when attempting to find employment. This article presents a grounded group practice strategy for assisting older women to regain employment. Previous research has shown that job search self-efficacy is a significant mediator of continued job search activity among older workers. Based on empirical research findings and Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, this practice approach focuses on helping older women to increase their job search self-efficacy and opportunities for securing employment.