社会工作专题讲座 第八讲 社区工作

一、社区工作的涵义社区工作与社会个案工作、社会小组工作并列,被称之为社会工作直接服务的三大基本方法。作为专业社会工作的一种基本方法,社区工作以社区和社区居民为案主,通过发动和组织社区居民参与集体行动,确定社区的问题与需求,动员社区资源,争取外力协     

案主自白

社会工作的服务因案主的存在而发生，案主亦是社工的亲密接触者，所以案主的成长是检验社会工作服务成败的指向标。而当我们将西方的社会工作的理论，价值理念和方法“拿来”用于中国环境中时，如何满足“本土”案主的需求是社会工作本土化的第一步。     

社工,让我儿新生

社会工作的服务因案主的存在而发生,案主亦是社工的亲密接触者,所以案主的成长是检验社会工作服务成败的指向标。而当我们将西方的社会工作的理论、价值理念和方法"拿来"用于中国环境中时,如何满足"本土"案主的需求是社会工作本土化的第一步。因此,本期编者选取了三位案主以及一位案主亲人的自白,述说他们的心理历程以及对社工的感思,或许我们从中能获取一些更有价值的东西。     

社会工作建构主义实务原则指导下的小组工作反思

社会建构主义是一种反实证主义的学术思潮和运动。社会建构主义影响下的社会工作实务原则包括;对本土化的强调、社工与案主关系及社工角色的不断反思、社会工作实践模式的转变。在社会工作建构主义实务原则指导下的小组工作反思包括：“前台-后台”情节反思、需求评估目标确定及活动节目安排反思、小组工作者的角色反思。     

社会工作专业小组实习教学模式探索——以民工外展服务小组为例

社会工作是集理论、技巧和实务于一体的应用型学科,以实务为基础是社会工作专业的显著特点。专业实习是实务训练的重要途径,在社会工作教学中扮演着重要的角色。由于目前社会工作专业实习教学还面临许多问题,如专业实习机构缺乏、案主资源稀缺等等,笔者将根据社会工作专业发展的现状,结合民工外展服务小组的实习经验,从系统理论视角来探讨本土化的小组实习教学模式。     

社会工作建构主义实务原则指导下的小组工作反思

社会建构主义是一种反实证主义的学术思潮和运动.社会建构主义影响下的社会工作实务原则包括;对本土化的强调、社工与案主关系及社工角色的不断反思、社会工作实践模式的转变.在社会工作建构主义实务原则指导下的小组工作反思包括:前台-后台情节反思、需求评估目标确定及活动节目安排反思、小组工作者的角色反思.     

价值中立在社会工作实务中的运用

在社会工作中,价值中立是指社会工作者有阶段性地保持价值中立的立场,以客观的态度对待案主的问题和行为,并对案主的价值观不加以评价。在社会工作实务中,保持价值中立对于社会工作者有效地协助案主分析解决问题显得十分重要。如何在实务中保持价值中立,对于社会工作者来说则显得比较困难。结合实习的经验及思考,笔者从个案工作和小组工作两个方面的实例阐述自己对于如何做到价值中立的认识。个案工作不同阶段、小组工作中不同角色要做到价值中立不同的表现是本文的讨论重点。     

基于生态系统理论的儿童个案实践及反思

本个案是基于生态系统理论视角,运用儿童社会工作专业方法和技巧从案主生活的环境入手,为案主提供支持性和补充性服务,以帮助案主适应环境,改善亲子关系,解决学习障碍,改善偏差行为以及消除心理障碍等,并达到了预期的效果。通过此案例反思生态系统理论对儿童社会工作实践的意义,兹此推动儿童社会工作的发展。     

价值中立在社会工作实务中的运用

在社会工作中,价值中立是指社会工作者有阶段性地保持价值中立的立场,以客观的态度对待案主的问题和行为,并对案主的价值观不加以评价。在社会工作实务中,保持价值中立对于社会工作者有效地协助案主分析解决问题显得十分重要。如何在实务中保持价值中立,对于社会工作者来说则显得比较困难。结合实习的经验及思考,笔者从个案工作和小组工作两个方面的实例阐述自己对于如何做到价值中立的认识。个案工作不同阶段、小组工作中不同角色要做到价值中立不同的表现是本文的讨论重点。     

督导手记社区个案介入分析

社区是社会工作重要的领域，社区社会工作服务是综合程度最高的服务。 由于社会转型，社会成员从原来的“单位人”变成“社会人”，伴随着社会发展，礼会成员的需求从温饱型转变为多层次的需求，包括物质、心理、情感和人际关系的需求，且都在加速度增长？我国传统社区只能基本满足社区成员的物质需求和生活服务，而当前社区也成为社会矛盾集中和纠结地，     

社会工作介入残疾人服务体系建设初探——以武汉市为例

推进残疾人社会保障体系和服务体系建设,是帮助残疾人改善基本生活条件、促进残疾人全面发展、实现残疾人共享改革发展成果的根本举措。残疾人服务工作专业化是残疾人服务体系建设中一个重要方面。社会工作与残疾人服务体系在价值理念、主要内容和指导原则方面的一致性和契合度,使社会工作介入残疾人服务体系建设成为可能。武汉市应在已有成绩的基础上,立足自身实际,运用社会工作专业人才优势,为残疾人服务体系建设开拓一种新途径。     

Issues in the development of social work information systems: the case of hospital social work departments

Information systems have been proposed as a valuable resource for promoting the efficient and effective operation of hospital social service departments. However, the development and implementation process must overcome the tensions inherent to collection and utilization of structured information by social work practitioners. These include the need for quantified data about qualitative phenomena, compatibility with existing work routines, compatibility with norms and perceptions of information needs at different levels, and potential versus actual utilization of the data. The authors examine these issues and present strategies for dealing with them, in the context of a project to develop a country-wide information system for social work departments in general hospitals in Israel.     

Transforming Social Group Work Learning into Competencies for Interprofessional Teams

This article describes how social work and social group work strategies are used to enhance social work student participation in an interprofessional education program (IPE) that includes social work and five health care disciplines. Concurrently, social work students take part in a small group to assist them in the application of their social group knowledge to their IPE experience. Interprofessional collaborations between social work and health care can work toward alleviating health inequalities and poor access to health services. Social work has a crucial and significant role within these teams because of the profession’s focus on individual well-being, within the context of their social environment and support systems.     

社会工作在满足老年人发展性需求方面的介入——基于对平江区L社区的调查

在老龄化日益严峻的背景下,如何满足老年人的发展性需求、促进积极老龄化,成为中国乃至全世界的重要议题。本文通过个案研究,发现老年人的发展性需求受到经济条件、身体状况、社会支持网络等因素的影响。同时,通过个案、小组、社区社会工作的实际介入和评估,笔者认为社会工作介入满足老年人的发展性需求具有可行性和有效性。     

Social Policy for Social Work: A Teaching Agenda

Though social justice is a central goal of the social work profession,the actual involvement of social workers in social change isvery limited. Moreover, training in social policy and policypractice in schools of social work is minimal. As such, practitionerslack the tools needed to analyse existing social problems andpolicies and to enable them to intervene in the policy processin order to better serve the needs of service users. This articleseeks to further social policy teaching within social work educationby engaging in a survey of the existing literature on the subjectand by offering a detailed programme for integrating this subjectinto the social work training system. The literature surveythat serves as a basis for this programme includes a reviewof studies on the dilemmas linked to social policy teaching,on the goals and content of social policy courses in socialwork and on preferred teaching methods in this field.     

The Essential Power of Group Work

SUMMARY

For almost two decades, leaders in the field of social group work have been warning that the foundational principles and practice of group work as a modality are in danger of being absorbed into generalist social work practice. This paper expands upon the appeal of leaders in the social group work field to generate an environment in which group work is recognized as an integral method in social work practice and education. This paper examines group work as a powerful methodology in social work practice with a specific theoretical framework and skill base that is fundamental to the social work profession. The characteristics of group work's strengths are explored with a comprehensive overview that inspires renewed commitment to preserving, practicing and promoting social group work as a viable and integral part of social work practice.     

Houses with elastic walls: negotiating home and homelessness within the policy domain

Efforts to address homelessness in New Zealand are marked by competing discourses that construct it as a housing issue, or more radically, as an issue of social exclusion. This paper presents a case study that illustrates the difficulties of reconciling these discourses when framing homelessness policy. Research was conducted with a national organisation involved in advocating to the New Zealand government on homelessness policy. Members of this group participated in focus groups exploring the meanings of home, homelessness and their advocacy work. The paper traces the challenges presented to the politics of social action by recognising homelessness as an issue of social exclusion, but needing to frame it as an issue of housing to effect policy change. It argues that social activist groups must routinely make pragmatic and strategic compromises that challenge the integrity of their ideological positions and their conceptual understandings, and develop group practices that allow them to resolve the tensions that this can generate.     

GROUP WORK WITH ALCOHOLIC,POLY DRUG-INVOLVED ADOLESCENTS WITH DEVIANT BEHAVIOR SYNDROME

Trail-blazing efforts are now underway in social work treatment with adolescents who are involved with both alcohol and other drug abuse and who have been arrested for antisocial acts. These are young people who are caught in a pathological system which is spiraling them deeper and deeper into self-destruction, either by their antisocial acts leading to continuing conflict with the law and often incarceration, and/or to the breakdown of their physical system by the substance abuse. Traditional forms of social casework or psychotherapies are of little use since the young person is likely to deny vigorously that he has a problem and shrink from contact with the helping resources that are available. Whereas a psychodynamic orientation is necessary in order for the worker to provide the degree of understanding of the internal turmoil of these young persons, the focus of treatment must be upon problem solving and a peer support system that can sustain the faltering ego through the social hazards of adolescence and young adulthood. To understand the professional demands of this practice, we will describe the general characteristics of this special segment of today's youthful population, the social-psychodynamic factors involved, and the diagnostic issues raised. Several concepts for clinical practice with these young people will be discussed: enforced treatment, age-related differential planning, and group work as the optimal treatment modality. An actual group work practice situation will illustrate theorerical and technical issues raised in the treatment process.     

Group Work with Low-Income Black Youths

Low-income Black youths face problems which negatively impact on their self-concepts and educational achievement. Without an education, the opportunities for social mobility for them are severely decreased. The small group is suggested as a medium of intervention in the public schools by which large numbers of low-income Black youths can be reached and assisted with problems which interfere with their cducation. This paper discusses group work with this population, the theoretical framework utilized, and the applicability of some of the insights gained from working with this population to group work wilh Blacks in general.     

社会工作增能视角下失独家庭的分析

增能理论是社会工作研究中一个重要的领域,同时也是服务于弱势群体的一个新视角。失独家庭作为特殊的弱势群体,个人资源与社会资源的缺失致使他们的自我效能感极低,处于一种消权状态。社会工作可以从微观与宏观层面对失独家庭进行增能介入。在微观上,运用个案、小组、社区的工作方法帮助失独家庭摆脱精神困境,增强他们的自我效能感;在宏观上,借鉴国外经验,通过完善社会福利政策、加大社会行政力度提升失独家庭的社会保障水平。利用增能理论介入失独家庭,可以帮助失独家庭恢复基本权能,提高其生存质量,保证其安度晚年。