待遇预定制养老基金资产组合与缴费计划最优决策——基于随机波动率Heston模型及Legendre对偶变换法

待遇预定制养老金制度在中国应用非常广泛,缴费制定和资产配置是此类养老金管理的两大核心问题。由此,面对随机波动的现实市场,文章针对待遇预定制养老基金的资产组合管理问题,应用最优控制理论,选用对数效用函数,建立Heston随机波动率模型;在难以求解随机微分Bellman方程的情况下,应用Legendre变换,将原来问题转化为对偶问题,从而求得原问题的解析解。在理论上,进一步丰富了资产组合问题的随机最优控制模型的构建和随机微分方程的求解理论。在实践上,确定了养老金管理风险资产配置比例和缴费水平,给出了最优决策与总资产、发放待遇、净资产与风险溢价之间的数量关系,从而实现养老基金管理的最优资产配置和最低缴费水平的效用目标。     

考虑不可对冲收入的最优消费-投资选择

基金分离定理说明投资者应当选择相同的投资组合,这于行业界普遍针对投资者年龄、收入等个体因素推荐策略的做法相悖.为了解决这样的问题,将劳动收入引入最优消费一投资选择模型将有助于解释这一困惑.但是理论的发展并没有很好的解决这一模型,特别是当不可对冲劳动收入风险引入了市场不完备性时,这使得模型的解难以得到.将考察CRRA效用下不可对冲收入风险的一般模型,采用对偶的方法将约束最优化问题转化为无约束的虚拟问题,进而得到状态依赖的最优风险价格,进而刻画出值函数以及最优投资和消费策略.     

基于损失厌恶的基金管理者的投资决策模型

本文从风险约束的视角研究基金管理者呈损失厌恶的投资决策问题.用行为金融学的前景理论刻画损失厌恶,构建了以CVaR为风险约束的最大化管理者期望价值的投资决策理论模型.利用辅助函数得到了与原模型具有相同最优解的等价模型,并利用Monte Carlo模拟方法将等价模型转化为线性规划问题,通过求解等价模型得到了管理者的最优投资策略和努力水平.为了说明本文提出的模型和方法的有效性,用我国股市的数据进行了数值实例.本文的研究成果为基金管理者提供了投资决策的理论依据和方法.     

一个基于随机控制方法的养老基金管理模型

本文建立了一个养老基金资产负债管理的动态模型,解决养老基金在相关性资产之间的配置问题.采用随机控制方法同时求解基金在相关性资产之间的最优配置比例和养老基金的最优贡献率,分析了资产之间的相关性对养老基金管理最优策略的影响,得知不同金融资产之间的相关性对养老基金的最优投资策略和最优贡献策略起着重要的作用,并给出仿真计算案例来验证结论的有效性.     

时变需求环境下周转库存优化策略研究

本文研究了供应链管理领域的一个热点问题——库存优化问题。针对周转库存的优化问题,本文在需求量未必能被时间解析表示的条件下给出了一个能够求得局部最优解的方法。方法要求先将周转库存的优化问题转化为一个求集合最优划分的问题,然后用最快下降法求出一个带条件的最优解,最后再给出一个进一步调整这个带条件的最优解的算法。     

市场风险与违约风险同时存在下的最优资产配置

本文研究了当投资者同时面临市场风险(利率风险)和违约风险时,如何对可违约债券、国债、股票以及银行存款进行最优配置的问题。利用简约化模型来刻画可违约债券的违约风险,并给出其价格的动态方程。通过鞅方法给出了此优化问题的解析解,结果表明:股票的最优投资策略与Merton模型的结果相同;国债的最优投资策略是利率风险溢价的增函数;可违约债券的最优投资策略与跳跃(违约)风险溢价密切相关,只有当可违约债券的跳跃风险溢价大于1,即市场对跳跃风险进行风险补偿时,投资者才会持有可违约债券;否则,投资者对可违约债券的最优投资为零。     

企业年金积累期的最优动态资产配置策略

替代率是评价企业年金基金投资效果的重要指标之一.本文构建了与替代率挂钩的目标基金,建立了基于目标的企业年金基金最优资产配置模型,利用随机动态规划方法获得了年金基金最优投资策略的解析解,并通过蒙特卡洛模拟技术对所得结果进行数值模拟,考察了不同市场环境及不同群体的最优配置策略和最优策略对可控制参数的敏感性.结果表明:模型中参数对年金基金的最优配置策略各有不同影响,不同群体和不同金融市场中的最优策略也有差异,但总体而言最优资产配置策略具有高风险资产权重随着时间推移而降低的动态特征.     

存在违约风险时的最优资产组合

本文研究了当存在违约风险时,一个代表性投资者投资于一个可违约债券、股票以及银行存款的最优资产配置问题。利用简约化模型来刻画可违约债券的违约风险,并给出其价格的动态过程。通过随机控制方法给出了此优化问题的解析解。结果表明跳跃(违约)风险的存在,使可违约债券的最优投资策略不再是连续函数。当可违约债券违约时,投资者对可违约债券的持有量为零;当债券未发生违约时,投资者对可违约债券的最优持有量主要受信用利差、违约强度以及投资期限的影响。     

基于贝叶斯随机规划方法的养老保险基金投资策略研究

结合中国养老保险基金投资现状,利用随机规划建立中国养老基金投资策略模型,依据Minnesota法则改进贝叶斯向量自回归参数分布的确定方法.根据改进的贝叶斯向量自回归模型生成资本市场未来收益情景,得到养老基金最优投资策略并给出模拟计算具体步骤.最后结合历史数据进行模拟分析,结果表明模型能够根据实际情况优化资产配置.     

大宗商品战略配置——基于国民效用与风险对冲的视角

从国民收入长期配置的战略性动机出发,本文提出基于国民效用优化和输入性通胀风险对冲的国际资产长期配置方法,在包含国际股指基金、主权债券、商品期货指数基金的风险资产池中,分析商品期货指数化投资的战略价值并导出最优配置比例。对4种主要商品期货指数、不同风险厌恶水平和跨期替代弹性的稳健性检验表明,在长期和跨期的最优组合中,商品期货指数都占有较高且稳定的投资比例;若考虑实体经济因素,偏重能源类的商品期货指数的投资比例和稳定程度有显著提高;商品资产投资能够有效对冲大宗商品价格风险。应对世界经济失衡与系统性风险的加剧,主权财富基金、养老基金及社保基金的长期国际投资应当遵从战略性原则,增加国际大宗商品的指数化投资。这是国民效用动态优化的必然选择。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.