混合需求下考虑专利保护因素的闭环供应链定价与协调

在新产品需求为随机需求,再制造产品需求受销售价格影响的混合需求条件下,以博弈论为主要工具,研究了受专利保护的再制造闭环供应链的定价与协调问题,分析了集中决策和分散决策两种情形下的新产品最优订购量、废旧产品最优回收价格、最优专利许可费用、再制造品最优零售价格以及供应链的最优利润,并通过收益分享一费用分担契约对闭环供应链系统进行了协调,并通过数值算例验证了集中决策和分散决策情形下再制造成本节约对供应链成员的最优决策和利润的影响,以及收益分享.费用分担契约对闭环供应链的协调效果。研究表明再制造受专利保护的情况下,原制造商能通过专利许可费来影响第三方再制造商回收的废旧产品的回收价格和回收量,进而去影响原制造商和第三方再制造商的收益。     

专利保护下再制造闭环供应链协调机制研究

受专利保护的原制造商享有产品再制造的专有权利,只有获得原制造商的专利许可,第三方再制造商才能进行专利产品的回收再制造.针对再制造知识产权保护在管理研究中的不足,本文建立了受专利保护的原制造商许可第三方再制造的闭环供应链模型,利用博弈理论讨论了分散与集中情况下节点企业的最优决策.同时,分析了专利许可对旧产品回收再制造的影...     

专利保护下闭环供应链的再制造策略研究

在专利完善市场,受专利保护的原制造商享有产品再制造的专有权利,只有获得原制造商的专利许可,第三方再制造商才能进行旧产品的回收再制造。本文分析了受专利保护下原制造商所采取的不同再制造策略:阻止旧产品再制造(N策略)、原制造商自己再制造(O策略)和许可第三方再制造商进行再制造(A策略),并建立了由零售商负责旧产品回收的闭环供应链模型。通过比较发现,只有在第三方再制造商处理旧产品的节省成本足够低时,受专利保护的原制造商才会选择许可第三方再制造商进行旧产品再制造。     

Loss-averse测度下考虑政府补贴的双第三方回收再制造闭环供应链

以制造商、零售商及两个第三方回收商构成的再制造闭环供应链为背景,使用Loss-averse函数测度零售商的风险规避特性、古诺(Cournot)模型刻画第三方回收商的竞争特性,将政府补贴作为内生变量,构建了第三方回收再制造闭环供应链模型,分析了风险特性、政府补贴及竞争特性对供应链的影响,证明了收益费用共享契约可以克服双重边际效应和风险规避效应,优化loss-averse测度的考虑政府补贴的双第三方回收再制造闭环供应链;最后,通过仿真研究,验证了该模型的有效性及实用性,得出了政府补贴、风险特性、竞争特性等与供应链成员期望利润等之间的关联关系,为再制造产业发展的科学决策提供决策支持和参考。     

闭环供应链上的回收激励契约设计与政府补贴再制造政策的优化

废旧工业产品的回收再制造活动具有较大的正向外部经济特性,常常导致企业从事该项活动的动力不足。从节约资源和保护环境的目的出发,各国政府大都制定了给予补贴以鼓励回收再制造活动的政策。而且新产品和再制造产品一般具有一定的感知价值差异,可能会影响到再制造成本优势的发挥。将政府也作为一个决策主体,建立了以政府为领导者、制造商和再制造商、回收商为跟随者的三级非线性闭环供应链上的Stackelberg主从博弈模型,其中嵌套了基于委托代理关系分析基本技术框架的再制造商对回收商回收努力的最优激励契约。分析求解了政府和制造商、再制造商等的最优决策。政府的补贴政策将有效提高再制造品的竞争优势,同时有效降低废旧产品的掩埋等处理成本,有利于生态环境的保护。政府最优补贴下再制造商对回收商的最优激励机制设计可以有效提高废旧工业品的回收再制造效率。新产品和再制造产品的相互替代程度将间接影响到政府的最优补贴决策。同时通过数值分析得到再制造的比较成本优势对闭环供应链决策的影响。可供政府有关部门在政策制定以及闭环供应链上的企业决策时参考。     

信息分享模式对第三方负责回收闭环供应链的影响

研究了零售商预测信息分享对第三方负责回收闭环供应链的影响.分别建立了集中式闭环供应链下信息分享模型以及四种信息分享模式(无信息分享、信息仅与第三方分享、信息仅与制造商分享和信息与制造商和第三方均分享)的闭环供应链模型.研究发现,零售商分享其私有预测信息对其收益是不利的,但信息分享使得信息仅与第三方分享模式下供应链预期利润增加,通过建立信息分享补偿机制使得零售商有动机分享其需求预测信息.同时发现信息分享对各方的价值以及各方对信息分享模式的偏好取决于回收旧产品价格.     

创业团队共享领导对企业创新绩效的影响机制

在第三方再制造商参与废旧产品的回收再制造活动时,往往会涉及专利许可与政府规制问题.构建了制造商与再制造商之间的动态博弈模型,分别探讨了无专利许可无政府规制、有专利许可无政府规制、有专利许可有政府规制3种模式下企业的生产决策和再制造绩效水平.研究发现,以制造商主导的专利许可机制对再制造活动具有一定的抑制作用,仅当再制造产业发展较为成熟时才能为制造商带来显著收益;以政府主导的生产者责任延伸制度有利于促进再制造产业发展,尤其在再制造业发展初期可有效提升产品回收再制造率,并且该制度对再制造的促进作用与再制造带来的环境效益呈正相关.研究结论对专利产品再制造过程中各企业的生产策略选择以及政府在再制造产业发展各阶段中财政政策的制定具有一定的参考价值.     

双边网络环境下考虑消费者行为的两期供应链回收定价模型研究

闭环供应链管理是促进经济与环境双重效益提高的有效途径，已成为电子废弃物回收利用的核心解决方案。本文考虑包括制造商和第三方回收平台组成的闭环供应链模型，构建了完全垄断的两期动态博弈双边平台，分析和比较了分散决策和集中决策下闭环供应链的最优回收定价和利润，并利用收益共享契约来实现闭环供应链帕累托改进，最后用数值仿真分析了再制造比例、用户对平台利润贡献率对供应链利润的影响，验证了契约协调的有效性。研究表明：交叉网络外部性强度与平台向两边征收的价格、各主体利润和总体利润存在相关关系。第三方回收平台通过补贴消费者可有效增加回收效用，提高了回收率与消费者回收意识。实施收益共享契约的互利性使各主体积极主动实施契约，提高了各方与总体利润。     

不同补贴对象下的闭环供应链定价模型北大核心CSCDCSSCI

基于混合回收渠道的充分竞争闭环供应链中的研究假设,针对政府采取不同补贴对象策略(消费者、零售商、制造商或第三方回收商)分别建立闭环供应链定价模型;通过不同补贴对象下闭环供应链的销售渠道定价指标、回收渠道定价指标以及渠道成员利润分配的对比研究对不同补贴对象的影响系数对渠道成员定价决策和利润的影响进行分析。研究结果表明:当政府直接补贴给消费者和零售商时,销售渠道上的定价指标(产品批发价和市场销售价)较高,而回收渠道上的定价指标(废旧产品第三方回收价和制造商回收价)以及渠道成员的利润分配较低;而当政府补贴给制造商和第三方回收商时,销售渠道上的定价指标较低,而回收渠道的上的定价指标以及渠道成员利润分配较高。     

考虑渠道权力结构的闭环供应链定价与协调

研究了集中式和分散式决策的三种渠道权力结构下闭环供应链的定价问题,比较各种情况下定价和利润的差异,并运用二部定价契约探讨了不同渠道权力结构下闭环供应链的协调方法。研究表明:MS与RS情形下闭环供应链的总利润相同且低于VN情形;随着产品替代系数的增加,新制造和再制造产品的价格均提高,制造商和零售商的利润均增加;随着回收努力程度的提高,两种产品的价格均提高,而制造商和零售商的利润均减少;运用二部定价契约可通过主导方或借助第三方有效协调闭环供应链。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

The Challenge of Political and Economic Change in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe

This article discusses political and economic changes in Poland, Central and Eastern Europe emerging since the demise of the ‘closed system’ in 1989. The presentation explores the range of change, the method and the sequence of change. General lessons in economic transition as identified by Polish Finance Minister Lezak Balcerowicz are discussed. The challenges involved in macroeconomic stabilization, radical liberalization, currency convertibility, subsidy reduction and conversion of state-owned enterprises are reviewed. Despite their complexity, economic and political reforms proved necessary and inevitable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and preview of productivity research and applications

During the last two decades, productivity research and applications have not been given adequate importance when trying to attain excellence in the management of manufacturing enterprises. Recent developments in managerial philosophies Total Quality Management and Business Process Re-engineering , manufacturing technologies Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Computer Integrated Manufacturing, etc. and Information Technology innovations have made the traditional productivity improvement techniques obsolete. This article presents a review consisting of analyses of literature on productivity and a survey of manufacturing enterprises. A five-step preview strategy on productivity is enumerated which provides a meaningful direction towards future productivity research and application. The article is concluded by briefly describing the current research that is being carried out based on the preview strategy evolved.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.     

Definitions and linkages between operational and strategic flexibilities

This paper aims at clarifying the concept of strategic flexibility, starting from that much more common of manufacturing flexibility (or operational one). After characterizing the dimensions of the latter, a classification of strategic flexibility is presented which distinguishes four categories. The measures of strategic flexibility are also investigated. Then two analogies are pointed out with the operational flexibility. The first, of the cause-effect type, is on two levels: at the business level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of practices, while the strategic flexibility measures the effect obtained on performances; at the corporate level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of competences, while the strategic flexibility evaluates the change in business. The second analogy, related to the classification variables, permits the main types of operational and strategic flexibilities to be placed in a single framework. So this study seeks to provide a framework—which has not been proposed in prior literature—for analyzing and evaluating the correlated concepts of operational and strategic flexibilities, to create a theoretical foundation for future research and empirical testing.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.     

Additive and Multiplicative Models and Multistage Carcinogenesis Theory

In light of the Armitage-Doll multistage carcinogenesis theory, this paper examines the assumption that an additive relative risk relationship is indicative of two carcinogens that affect the same stage in the cancer process. We present formulas to compute excess cancer risks for a variety of patterns for limited exposure durations to two carcinogens that affect the first and penultimate stages; and using an index of synergy proposed by Thomas (1982), we find a number of these patterns to produce additive, or nearly additive, relative risk relationships. The consistent feature of these patterns is that the two exposure periods are of short duration and occur close together.