收费公路项目 Pareto 有效 BOT 合同与政府补贴

根据 BOT( 建设 － 运营 － 移交) 项目中公共部门和私人部门的不同目标,利用双目标规划模型研究了收费公路 BOT 项目合同容量、通行费费率及政府补贴政策的联合决策． 引入 Pareto 有效 BOT 合同的概念,并从理论上研究了 Pareto 有效 BOT 合同的性质,建立了两个必要条件用以甄别 BOT 合同的 Pareto 有效性．进一步完善目前收费公路 BOT 项目合同的理论研究,对公共部门制定收费公路项目补贴政策具有现实指导意义．     

垃圾焚烧发电BOT项目收益的系统动力学模型

在垃圾焚烧发电BOT项目的前期决策中,项目收益是政府和项目公司展开谈判的基础问题。通过对此类项目收益系统的影响因素分析,基于系统动力学方法构建了项目收益模型,并运用模糊逻辑方法研究了地区经济发展水平和政府履约程度等定性因素对模型的影响。在此基础上,运用系统动力学分析软件Vensim PLE和MATLAB软件中的模糊逻辑工具箱,对垃圾焚烧发电BOT项目案例进行模拟。根据项目收益变化情况的模拟结果,讨论了在政府部门和项目公司各自期望的收益水平下特许期和特许价格的合理决策,并分析了特许期、特许价格和垃圾热值变化对项目收益的影响,从而为政府和项目公司运作垃圾焚烧发电BOT项目提供了决策参考。     

BOT项目投资与特许权期的二维招标合同设计

为让管理水平较高的私营集团获得BOT项目特许权,并实现项目社会福利最大,本文利用机制设计理论建立了一个关于BOT项目投资与特许权期的二维招标合同的直接机制模型。通过模型分析,获得了该招标机制的可行性条件,最优形式和相应配置方案,并由一个算例表明,得到的最优招标机制在实际中是有效的。所获结果为政府对BOT特许权招标提供了一种理论指导和实际方法。     

基于实物期权的基础设施投资担保负担测度及其风险管理研究

从项目筹资模式、基础设施投资担保现状及其运营模式视角出发,研究我国基础设施投资担保负担测度及其风险管理的问题。利用或有负债思想,分析了下限式担保、上下限式担保、比例上下限式担保三类担保的期权特性及其影响因素;运用实物期权方法,在不同担保方式下构建了担保负担评估模型,并对相应的项目投资担保负担进行了评估,结果显示,投资收益担保是担保负担最直接、最主要的来源,也是政府方的或有负债,基于此,在融资谈判中,政府方可以通过调整项目投资担保水平和项目投资担保方式来控制担保负担和锁定担保风险。     

关于对BOT项目实务中存在法律问题的若干思考——以市政公用事业为例

BOT作为逐渐兴起的一种项目融资建设方式,已被各国政府广泛运用于包括市政公用事业在内的多个公用基础领域,此种项目运作模式在解决政府公共建设资金不足的同时,也带了诸如BOT项目合同的主要内容、特许经营授权的行为性质、特许经营法律关系的性质等等一系列的法律问题,为避免因上述问题的不同理解而给各方当事人造成利益损害,我们建议应当尽怏对此制订正式的法律。     

基于社会效益的BOT项目特许权期决策分析

以社会效益作为政府确定BOT项目特许权期的决策准则,对文献[8]所给出的S-L模型仅以政府的直接货币收益非负作为决策准则而存在的缺陷进行了修正,得到了基于社会效益的特许权期决策模型.修正后的模型考虑了不同项目在社会效益上的差异,为政府提供了与项目公司进行特许权期谈判的三个准则,这些准则能够在保证项目公司投资积极性的前提下,使项目实现最大的社会效益.最后以算例对修正后模型的可行性进行了验证.     

基于CAPM的BOT项目“有限追索权”融资决策模型

为研究BOT项目有限追索权融资中贷款资金与股本资金在贷方和项目公司之间合理分配问题(即BOT最优融资结构),本文考虑项目公司和贷方根据CAPM方法进行投资决策,通过分析它们投资策略在利益上的冲突关系而建立一个BOT融资模型,并且用博弈论方法研究模型最优解的存在性及其性质。研究结果不仅为项目公司和贷方提供了对BOT项目融资决策的理论方法,而且为政府对BOT项目的管理提供了重要的理论工具。     

BOT项目中的政府职责与中国的对策

<正> 近年来,国际上流行一种新的投资方式即BOT.BOT是英文BUILD—OWN—TRANSFER(建设——拥有——转让)和BUILD—OPERATE—TRANSFER(建设——经营——转让)形式的简称。现在人们通常所说的BOT主要是指后一种形式。典型的BOT形式是:政府同私营部门的项目公司签订合同,由该项目公司筹资设计并承建一个具体项目;并在双方协定的一段时期内,由该项目公司通过经营该项目偿还项目债务并回收投资;协议期满后,项目无偿转让给所在国政府。因此,政府构成了BOT方式的三大核心要素(私营部门、资金来源)之一,也是其中最重要的要素。目前,BOT方式已被广泛地应     

垃圾焚烧发电BOT项目特许期决策模型

随着BOT模式在我国垃圾焚烧发电项目中的广泛应用,特许期决策问题得到了政府、项目公司和社会公众的普遍关注。通过对垃圾焚烧发电BOT项目特许期影响因素的分析,建立了垃圾焚烧发电BOT项目特许期的决策模型,运用蒙特卡罗模拟方法对项目各年的净现值进行模拟,以实现不同内部收益率水平的累积概率作为目标函数,求解出项目的合理特许期,并分析了垃圾热值和处理量两个关键参数变动对特许期决策的影响,以期为政府和项目公司运作垃圾焚烧发电BOT项目提供决策参考。     

上海高速公路BOT运作模式存在的问题与对策

BOT是一种在高速公路领域十分常见的融资模式。依据BOT的项目,项目所在的地区以及经济发展阶段的不同,BOT能否运作成功所需要的条件也不相同。文章从法律法规,市场条件,政府体制,项目本身四个方面概括出了高速公路BOT运作成功的条件。并结合上海高速公路的现状,依据四个条件分析了上海高速公路BOT运作中存在的问题,并就如何来解决这些问题以及以后高速公路的发展方向做了相关的分析。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.