家庭参与流浪儿童救助保护的可行性与模式建构

家庭问题是儿童外出流浪的主要原因之一,只有家庭问题得到了缓解,流浪儿童才能真正实现回归家庭和社会。因此,流浪儿童救助保护需要家庭的参与。本文在结合前人研究和我国流浪儿童救助保护现状的基础上,分析了家庭参与流浪儿童救助保护的必要性和可行性,并建构了"家庭参与流浪儿童救助保护体系",将儿童心理行为问题解决和家庭问题解决相结合,为我国流浪儿童救助保护工作提供可资参考的新思路。     

图书室里的社工精神

救助站儿童图书室作为站内儿童活动的重要场所，在安抚救助儿童心理、培养儿童兴趣、提升儿童知识储备和素养等方面发挥着重要作用。社会工作者理应使社会工作“助人自助”、“案主自决”、“服务对象参与”的理念在儿童图书室得到充分体现，以推进救助工作的开展，帮助流浪儿童更好地回归家庭和社会。     

关于流浪儿童可持续性救助的思考

流浪儿童问题日益严重源于我国经济结构不断变化发展的进程,这个问题很大程度上反映了我国社会保障制度体系的不健全,同时宏观上也加剧了流浪儿童问题。对流浪儿童的救助过程中需将救助办法本土化、专业化,形成地区性、针对性救助。通过可持续性的救助消除流浪儿童的重复流浪现象。     

福利院在流浪乞讨儿童救助中的作用

当前我国的流浪乞讨人员数量之多、规模之大、影响之广、情况之复杂，已成为了一个不容忽视的社会问题．尤其是流浪乞讨儿童的增多引起了社会各界的注意。因此，我们需要对流浪乞讨人员实施社会救助，让他们告别流浪乞讨生活，回归主流社会。本文介绍了福利院的发展现状及在流浪乞讨儿童社会救助中发挥的重要功能，并结合我国流浪乞讨儿童的特征，详细论述了如何充分发挥福利院在流浪乞讨儿童救助中作用。     

社会工作介入流浪儿童救助体系的路径探究

流浪儿童是一个社会性问题,当前我国对流浪儿童的救助主要停留在程序化的救助层面,救助效果有待提升。文章从社会工作视角出发,分析专业社工介入流浪儿童救助体系的优势性,并探索社工介入救助工作的路径,从而打破传统程序化的救助方式,真正以儿童为中心,维护流浪儿童合法权益,促进流浪儿童的自我发展。     

完善流浪未成年人救助保护体系

笔者对流浪儿童问题进行过深入的调查研究,发现造成流浪儿童问题的因素是多方面的,仅仅依靠政府设立的救助保护机构不能从根本上解决这个问题,必须在“党委领导、政府负责”的格局下,建立一个联结儿童、家庭、社区、学校、救助保护机构和公安机关的青少年社会管理体系,才能有效预防儿童离家流浪,并且更有效地救助和保护流浪儿童。     

流浪未成年人的心理健康问题与救助策略——以江苏省泰州市流浪未成年人救助保护中心为例

根据国家有关法律的规定和联合国《儿童权利公约》,在我国,流浪未成年人是指年龄在18岁以下,脱离家庭和离开监护人流落社会连续超过24小时,失去基本生存和可靠保障而陷入困境的少年和儿童.民政部2006年出台的《流浪未成年人救助保护机构基本规范》中对流浪未成年人救助增加了心理辅导和行为矫治方面的内容,规定救助部门应定期对受助未成年人进行心理健康状况评估,建立心理健康档案;对存在心理和行为问题的受助未成年人,应进行有针对性的心理辅导和行为矫治.     

流浪儿童救助保护体系的模式探索

构建规范、有效的流浪儿童救助保护体系，必须将之置于国家——社会关系背景下考量，并对体制内的机构救助者和民间主体之间职能的分工、关系的协调予以兼顾。有鉴于此，本文提出流浪儿童救助保护体系构建的五个原则，在此基础上建构一个国家、社会与流浪儿童的家庭三者共同担负流浪儿童救助保护与回归社会责任的理论模型，以期有效整合国家与社会的资源，引导流浪儿童顺利回归正常社会生活。     

关于完善流浪儿童救助体系的思考

我国的流浪儿童问题是伴随着我国改革开放,经济政治体制的转型而逐步严重的。市场经济的改革破坏了原来的社会福利制度,使得大量的儿童流落街头。本文主要通过两个面来探讨关于完善流浪儿童救助体系:一是通过构建适合我国实际国情的儿童社会福利保障制度,从根本上解决流浪儿童的问题。二是有效利用非政府组织参与社会救助中的重要作用,积极发挥非政府组织在对流浪儿童的救助中的优势。     

美国《离家出走和无家可归青少年法案》综述研究

《离家出走和无家可归青少年法案》是美国在流浪儿童救助领域最为重要的法律之一。它的出台标志着美国联邦政府在制度与经费上全面介入了流浪儿童救助领域。也体现出美国社会对于流浪儿童的观念从“麻烦制造者”向“社会问题受害者”的转变。该法案包括三项主要救助计划,在美国流浪儿童的生活、教育、健康、就业等方面发挥了积极作用,但也存在导致部分流浪儿童更为边缘化的风险。     

Street children: Causes,consequences, and innovative treatment approaches

"Children are travelers, newly arrived in a country ofwhich they know nothing." (John Locke) Street children represent a rapidly growing socio-educational challenge affecting both the developing and industrialized nations of the world. At risk for physical, emotional, social, and cognitive violation, these children are in need of interventions that appropriately address their needs in the context of their environment, and build upon the positive survival skills that they have developed as a result of street life. This paper explores the causes, and consequences of this growing phenomenon. It seeks to make known the global dimensions of the physical, social, mental and developmental health consequences of street life for the child. It offers possible occupational therapy intervention strategies and opportunities for working with street children which transition them from youth to mainstream adult and citizenship in the world.     

Helping Uganda's street children

With the help of theoretical paradigms of social behavior, we use both qualitative and quantitative data to evaluate a recent government‐initiated program for relocating and resettling orphans and street children in Uganda. We first describe this program, which we have called the Model for Orphan Resettlement and Education (MORE). MORE is an inventive approach in the battle against the problem of orphaned children living on the streets of urban centers in Africa. The government of Uganda has developed this model to effectively educate and re‐socialize children who have been living on the streets of the capital city, Kampala. We then analyze this program, highlighting both the positive and negative aspects, and suggest ways it can be adapted to be more effective and sustainable in meeting the needs of Uganda as well as other sub‐Saharan African countries that face similar problems.     

Life Planning Services: Helping older placed children with their identity

Life Planning Services for Older Children is a time-limited and intensive approach for working with youngsters who are or have been in the American foster care system. The program is designed to help children and adolescents explore the way in which their life experiences influence their selfimage as well as to examine the availability of family membership for the present and the future. The program staff work to strengthen existing family connections or to help youngsters look at alternatives. After examining the impact of identity on placement, the author describes some of the methods used by Life Planning Services staff to help placed children meet the challenges of adolescent identity development.Sheila Merry, Kay Donley, and Betsy Cole are thanked for their helpful comments and suggestions.     

Beginning street life: Factors contributing to children working and living on the streets of Khartoum, Sudan

Understanding why some children work on the streets while others live there, and how causal factors differ by gender, is important in developing effective services for them. This study examined these questions in Sudan using participant observation, qualitative interviews, and surveys of working boys (n = 1025), working girls (n = 192), street boys (n = 397), and street girls (n = 35). Street children were less likely than working children to have local families (66% and 77%, p < 0.001), and more likely to have experienced some prior hardships, e.g. a mother's death (17% and 10%, p < 0.001), or coming from the war-torn south (30% and 10%, p < 0.001). 70% of street children and 10% of working children had abused (i.e. sniffed and sucked) glue (p < 0.001); initiating glue abuse often coincided with a transition from working to living on the streets. Within groups, conditions ‘pushing’ girls to street life were often harsher than for boys. For working girls, these included death of both parents (10% and 3%, p < 0.001), and/or insufficient food at home (59% and 43%, p < 0.001). For street girls, they included having a homeless family (23% and 9%, p = 0.019), and/or insufficient food at home (63% and 40%, p = 0.008), but street girls also more often reported boredom at home (80% and 48%, p < 0.001). Services should be tailored to the particular needs of each group by gender, including community-based prevention, street-based health and safety interventions, and street child counseling and re-integration programs.     

Bridging the gap: Investigating the abuse of children with multiple disabilities

This is a summary of a series of practical papers written to help bridge the ‘gap’ between the fields of child protection and childhood disability, with a view to improving practice in child protection work with severely disabled children. Particular attention is paid to the needs of children using alternative communication systems. The theme of the paper is that disabled children are in most senses just like other children, but may have particular needs in relation to the investigation of abuse, as well as being particularly vulnerable to abuse. Issues around the assessment of suspicion, preparation for interviewing and the interview process are presented. The needs of the child, the accompanying adult and the child protection worker are considered. Guidelines and recommendations for practice at different stages of the investigation are given. The need to adapt the investigation to the particular needs of the child is emphasized throughout.     

Dilemmas in planning for the protection of children and youths in residential facilities

Protection of children and youths after placement must be given increased emphasis because deinstitutionalized care is itself not harm-free and also because the needs of many children for care, control, and treatment are likely to be met in residential facilities for the foreseeable future. However, the diverse and often incompatible views of advocates and providers of child care about the issues affecting the protection of residents in institutions loom as obstacles to planning for the protection of children and youths after placement. Both of the extreme views of institutional abuse and neglect issues deny the need for child protection after placement. The first holds that since the child or youth is being protected and/or treated, no ongoing child protection is necessary. The other view holds that any child protection effort short of closing residential facilities is futile and therefore without merit. Underreporting of abuse or neglect is widespread; accountability of facilities for the protection of residents is, as a result, unevenly established. These conditions are attributable in part to the inadequate statutory base for protecting children in institutions. At the same time, because of the lack of a planned approach to protection within facilities, and between facilities and child protection agencies, residential facilities are likely to suffer negative public exposure when moderate or serious incidents of maltreatment become public. The absence of procedures for facilities themselves to recognize abuse and neglect invites exposure of incidents by staff and residents. The ad hoc manner in which incidents are managed by external agencies often inflicts unwarranted costs on the reputations of residential facilities that in many cases may have only one or two serious incidents a year. Finally, the use of "last resort" placements may be putting some children and youths into situations of unacceptable risk. Despite the existence of differing views in the residential care field, we have identified areas of agreement between the child protection agencies and residential facilities upon which public policy might build. The problem may not be so much that these attitudes exist, as that the states have not responded in a planned and credible way to the problem of institutional abuse and neglect. Nevertheless, development of a planned and credible approach must deal with these areas of difference if protection of children after placement is to be improved.     

大学生心理危机的识别与预警

心理危机的识别与预警既是预防心理危机发生的重要策略，也是对危机当事人和相关人进行生命教育和促进生命成长的重要机会。心理危机产生的原因具有复杂性，发生过程具有阶段性，危机现象具有特殊性，危机爆发具有极端性，危机发生也具有一定规律性。因此，在进行生命教育过程中，需要关注不同类别的生命个体、不同阶段的生命现象、处在规律中的独特生命个体，同时要注意识别生命危机信号和生命求救信号。     

The safety of children and the parent‐worker relationship in cases of child abuse and neglect

Child protection work is complex and demanding and presents both parents and workers with a number of emotional and relationship demands. Although it is recognised that a good working alliance between child protection workers and parents is associated with therapeutic success and service user satisfaction, some current developments, including the growth of an audit culture with its attendant emphasis on targets and performance, appear to undermine the worker's ability to establish good relationships and working alliances. To the extent that poor‐quality working relationships and increased emotional distance reduce the worker's capacity to be empathic, levels of stress for both parents and workers are likely to remain high. Heightened stress reduces the capacity of parents and workers to keep at‐risk children in mind and in focus. This reduces their safety. The paper revisits the value of containment as a way of processing and managing difficult feelings which, along with more recent therapeutic concepts such as mentalisation, encourages workers to keep the parents' feelings in mind as well as hold the child in mind for the parent as a psychological, meaningful and mentalising being. Helping parents think about their feelings and understand, indeed celebrate, their children as burgeoning, independent psychological entities increases understanding, reduces stress and plays a part in helping keep children safe. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.