唯生殖性观念对人口发展的影响

<正> 树立科学的性观念,使之从唯生殖性观念的禁锢中解脱出来,将有利于我国的人口控制,从而使我国人口的发展适应社会和经济发展的要求。这不仅是控制我国人口发展的一项积极社会措施,也有重要的理论意义。唯生殖目的性观念长期占据统治地位从理论上讲,科学的性观念应是性现象尤其是性交现象的基本社会功能在社会意识形态中的反映。性交观念反映了哪些基本社会功能呢?其一是性交观念客观反     

新家庭关系颠覆美国社会

美国《时代》周刊发表的题为《女性,金钱与权力》一文显示,越来越多的美国家庭开始由女性而不是男性支撑。2009年,有将近40%的职业女性收入高于丈夫,比20年前增加了50%以上,而且这并不是经济周期的短暂变化。女性占到美国大学生的将近60%,有些专家预言,再过25年,法律和医学将成为女性占支配地位的行业。     

中国青少年的性观念

中国青少年的性观念一直是较少有人涉足的研究领域。利用1988年在四川省搜集的调查数据试图进行两方面的分析:其一,描述青少年对婚前性行为的群体态度;其二,测定影响青少年性观念的主要因素。在第二方面的分析中,我们用影响青少年性观念的预测变量估测了几个回归方程。旨在反映中美两国在这一问题上的主要相似处和相异处;并表明尽管有严格的法律和道德力量的约束,中国的青少年在某种程度上强烈反对这个年龄的性接触,但对他人走入“禁区”却表现出理解和宽容。     

中国女大学生就业搜寻研究——基于63所高校的数据分析

文章在工作搜寻的理论基础上,通过构建Logistic多元排序模型对全国63所大学的调研数据进行实证分析。结果发现,性别在女大学生就业搜寻过程中起着负面作用;工作搜寻理论没有在女大学生身上得到证实,而在男大学生身上得到证实。同时,男女生就业搜寻的影响因素差异很大。机遇、技能的掌握、吃苦进取、工作能力、观念文化和年龄等因素对女大学生就业搜寻起着正向作用;而影响男大学生就业搜寻的因素为学生干部、人际关系、实习经历、政治面貌和体貌特征。在实证研究基础上文章提出了构建男女平等的就业环境,提高女大学生综合素质和提升高校就业服务能力等建议。     

中国女性的社会经济特征与生育决策

女性的社会经济特征、婚姻地位及家庭结构等因素在家庭生育决策中起着重要作用。对2006年中国健康营养调查中的家庭微观数据的分析结果表明,女性的受教育程度、社会地位等社会经济特征与生育率显著相关;体现家庭结构的丈夫劳动参与和夫妻年龄差距等指标也对生育率有显著影响。另外,通过对城镇与农村的比较分析得出农村女性受教育程度的提高对生育率的影响要大于城镇。     

中国女性人口教育就业现状及其相互影响

<正> 新中国建国后,特别是改革、开放10年来,我国女性人口的社会和经济地位发生了深刻变化,尤其是女性的教育、就业状况发生了很大变化。女性人口的教育状况和就业状况相互影响、相互作用,对改善妇女地位状况有决定性的影响。在发展经济的同时,协调、处理好女性人口的教育与就业问题,才能使妇女的地位不断地提高。一、女性人口的教育和就业现状1.女性人口的教育状况。建国40年来,我国女性人口的教育水平有了很大提高。从总体上看,男女受教育水平的差距在不断缩短。但仍存在着女性低于男性的现象。1982年的全国普查数据表明:全国女性12岁以上人口识字率平均为54.73%,男性为80.83%,而1987年的全     

农村女性流动打工经历对其家庭经济地位的影响

本文利用调查数据,对是否外出打工及不同类型打工地的农村女性家庭经济地位差异进行对比,考查在资源因素与文化规范变迁的多重影响下,不同的打工经历对农村女性家庭经济地位的影响及其发展变化。     

女医学生性相关问题的知识、态度、行为的研究

通过对某医科大学三年级女学生关于性问题的知识、态度及行为的调查。结果表明,女医学生性知识水平并不令人满意,大多数学生渴望接受学校系统的性教育;另外,大学生性观念很开放,对于婚前性行为、未婚妊娠多持宽容态度。恋爱已成为比较普遍的现象,随之引发了婚前性行为、未婚妊娠;且因学习压力繁重,性自慰行为时有发生。根据以上结果,应尽快建立适合国情的性教育系统,提高学生性知识水平;正确引导学生处理好恋爱、学习的关系;在性教育中,增加介绍有关手淫方面的内容;解决婚前性行为及未婚妊娠的问题,减少由此而带来的生理伤害及心理压力。     

中国农村大龄未婚男性安全性行为倾向的影响因素：基于计划行为理论的研究

本文基于计划行为理论,研究了受到婚姻挤压的农村大龄未婚男性安全套使用倾向的心理因素和社会人口统计因素。数据来源于2008年8月-9月西安交通大学人口与发展研究所在安徽JC区开展的＂农村大龄男性生殖健康和家庭生活调查＂。Logistic回归分析结果显示,积极的互动态度、较高的性伴规范,较高的知觉行为控制和首次性行为中使用了安全套的经历与大龄未婚男性安全套使用倾向显著正相关。此外,较小年龄组的未婚男性更倾向于使用安全套。本研究结果有助于我们更好地理解农村大龄未婚男性安全套使用机制,能为促进农村地区安全性行为的干预项目提供理论借鉴和支持。     

夫妻收入差别和年龄差距会影响幸福感吗?——来自微观数据的经验证据

家庭内部结构会对夫妻双方主观幸福感产生影响,本文利用CGSS2013数据检验了夫妻相对收入地位和年龄差别对幸福感的影响.研究发现,在控制家庭总收入的情况下,妻子收入比重提高会显著降低丈夫幸福感,丈夫本人收入增长会显著提高自身幸福感,但妻子收入对丈夫幸福感没有显著影响;夫妻之间相对收入地位对妻子幸福感没有显著影响,丈夫收入增长能够显著提高妻子幸福感,妻子本人收入对幸福感也存在显著正面影响,但影响程度和显著度较低.年龄差别对丈夫幸福感没有显著影响,夫妻年龄差距对妻子幸福感有负面影响,传统上认为"男大女小"家庭关系更幸福可能这类家庭拥有较高的收入水平.进一步研究认为,妻子相对收入提高对丈夫幸福感的负面影响取决于主观观念,越认同"男主内、 女主外"观念的男性,妻子收入比重提高对其幸福感的负面影响越大.研究采用OLS和有序probit模型,通过增减变量观察回归系数和显著程度变化,发现结果是稳健的.     

Sexual Coercion Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Aotearoa/New Zealand

Until recently, sexual coercion among gay men has been regarded as virtually oxymoronic. Discourses of male sexuality as ever-present and driven, and discourses of masculinity that portray men as in control and invulnerable, converge to almost disavow the possibilities that sex could be unwanted by men, or that men could be vulnerable to being pressured into sex against their will. This article reports on interviews with 19 gay and bisexual men about their experiences of forced, coerced, or unwanted sex. We identified four general patterns in these accounts: (1) incidents involving physical force; (2) experiences in which a man's ability to refuse sex was compromised by intoxication; (3) dynamics where young and inexperienced men were coerced or pressured into unwanted sex; and (4) situations in which men felt obligated to engage in unwanted sex. Specific issues included barriers to reporting sexual assault, power dynamics in intergenerational sex, and the difficulty of refusing unwanted sex. Importantly, many of the factors identified as driving sexual coercion relate not to gay sexuality per se, but rather to masculine sexuality. Conversely, some of the factors relating to men's vulnerability to coercion were exacerbated by some features of gay sexual culture; in particular those aspects associated with existing in a marginalized territory within a wider heteronormative context.     

Behavioral Risk Disparities in a Random Sample of Self-Identifying Gay and Non-Gay Male University Students

This Internet-based study was designed to compare health risk behaviors of gay and non-gay university students from stratified random cross-sectional samples of undergraduate students. Mean age of the 4,167 male participants was 20.5 (±2.7) years. Of these, 206 (4.9%) self-identified as gay and 3,961 (95.1%) self-identified as heterosexual. After adjusting for selected characteristics and clustering within university, gay men had higher odds of reporting: multiple sexual partners; cigarette smoking; methamphetamine use; gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) use; other illicit drug use within the past 30 days and during lifetime; and intimate partner violence (IPV). Understanding the health risk behaviors of gay and heterosexual men is crucial to identifying associated factors and intervening upon them using appropriate and tailored strategies to reduce behavioral risk disparities and improve health outcomes.     

Health Status and Risk Behaviors of Sexual Minorities Among Chinese Adolescents: A School-Based Survey

This study aimed to examine the association between sexual orientation and health disparities among a stratified random sample of 3776 secondary students in Hong Kong. The prevalence of homosexuality and bisexuality were 1.5% and 2.6% in boys and 1.8% and 3.7% in girls, respectively. A total of 10.7% of boys and 8.8% of girls were unsure of their sexual orientation. Homosexual and bisexual boys reported poorer physical and mental health than their heterosexual peers. Homosexual and bisexual boys were more likely to engage in smoking, frequent drinking, and vaginal sex and be subjected to sexually transmitted disease and sexual victimization. However, lesbian and bisexual girls were less likely to engage in risky health behaviors except for smoking and being subjected to sexual victimization. There is a gender-specific problem that may warrant prevention and intervention programs to address the unique health issues facing homosexual and bisexual adolescents in Hong Kong.     

A meta-analysis of research on adolescent contraceptive use

Meta-analysis was used to summarize the results of 134 studies of adolescent contraceptive use in relation to two major explanatory models, the career model and the decision model. There was evidence in support of both models, although there has been less research conducted on variables related to the decision model. The major variables found to affect young women's contraceptive use were partner influence to use contraception, acceptance of one's sexuality, future orientation, positive attitudes toward contraception, an exclusive sexual relationship, and frequency of intercourse. The major variables affecting young men's contraceptive use were partner influence, frequency of intercourse, and positive attitudes toward contraception; however, there was relatively little research on young men compared to young women. A number of possible future directions for research are noted.We would like to thank Nancy Adler and Catherine Chilman for their comments on an earlier version of this article. Portions of this research were presented at the 1984 meeting of the American Psychological Association.Requests for reprints should be addressed to Bernard E. Whitley, Jr., Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, 47306.     

Factors Associated With Emotional Satisfaction During First Anal Intercourse in a Sample of YMSM

ABSTRACT

We sought to determine, in a sample of 2,813 HIV seronegative young men who had sex with other men age 18–24, whether physical satisfaction would explain emotional satisfaction during first anal intercourse and whether emotional satisfaction would impact having sex with a partner a second time. Emotional satisfaction was explained mostly by physical satisfaction during the event, but partner type also had direct impact on emotional satisfaction. Our findings suggest that first anal intercourse experiences in young men are both emotionally and physically satisfying and may impact subsequent sexual behavior and partner decision-making.     

Explaining the association of race and ethnicity with the HIV/AIDS-related attitudes,behaviors and skills of high school students

This study deals with intervening factors such as family composition, religiosity, and HIV/AIDS knowledge in understanding the association of race and ethnicity with HIV/AIDS-related attitudes and behaviors. Data represent Wave 1 of a five-month panel design involving 10th grade students in eight public high schools in Dade County (greater Miami) Florida. Significant differences in attitudes and behaviors were found among racial/ethnic groups. Specifically, Hispanics had more negative attitudes about condom use than blacks or whites. Whites had the most permissive, and blacks the least permissive, sexual attitudes. Hispanics felt least confident and blacks felt most confident about interpersonal sexual skills. Blacks were most likely to have had sexual intercourse, and whites least likely. Religiosity was found to be a significant intervening variable in the less permissive sexual attitudes of both blacks and Hispanics. The most significant implication of this study is that racial/ethnic differences in sexual behavior can be explained more fully by socio-environmental factors such as family structure or religiosity than by knowledge or attitudes. Thus, interventions directed toward minority populations should focus on the development of alternative social environments that would support more positive behaviors. More specifically, extended family, religious youth groups, and other community organizations should be brought into the HIV/AIDS risk-reduction arena.     

LGBTQ+ Young Adults on the Street and on Campus: Identity as a Product of Social Context

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+) young adults face unique identity-related experiences based on their immersion in distinctive social contexts. The predominant framework of performing separate analyses on samples of LGBTQ+ young people by their primary social status obfuscates more holistic understandings of the role of social context. Using 46 in-depth interviews with LGBTQ+ college students and LGBTQ+ homeless young adults, we ask: How are LGBTQ+ young adults’ capacities for “doing” their gender and sexual identities shaped by their distinctive social contexts? In developing their identities, both groups of LGBTQ+ young adults navigated their social environments to seek out resources and support. Most college students described their educational contexts as conducive to helping them develop their identities, or “undo” rigid norms of gender and sexuality. Homeless young adults’ social environments, meanwhile, imposed complex barriers to self-expression that reinforced more normative expectations of “doing” gender and sexual identities.     

Homosexual experience, desire and identity among young adults

Is young people's sexuality becoming more fluid and less tied to steady, stable identity patterns? Are we developing into a society where sexual relationships between individuals of the same sex are no longer reserved for the small minority of gay men and lesbian women? Adherents of so-called queer theory have promulgated such views. Using a population-based sample of young adults (aged 19 to 26, N 2753), we investigated homosexual experiences, desire and identity. We found that levels of prevalence of homosexuality were primarily a function of the criteria we used. Using the most restricted ("narrow") definitions, we found that about one percent of both genders reported "exclusive" homosexual interest and identity. Using the most inclusive criteria, we found that one of ten young men and one of four young women reported having some homosexual experience, interest or identity. Still, the most striking finding involved the substantial gender-specific differences: homoerotic activity and interest are far more interwoven with heterosexual activity for women. There are strong indications that homosexuality is a lot more threatening and potentially in conflict with traditional male gender roles than we find to be the case for women. In other words, while there may be signs of more fluid sexual identity categories, this phenomenon primarily applies to women.     

高校学生生殖健康、性行为及避孕节育的调查研究

深化研究高校学生生殖健康、性行为及避孕节育具有非常重要的战略意义,通过对北京等七城市各类院校、各年级学生进行调查,分析研究高校学生生殖健康、性行为及避孕节育状况。调查研究内容主要涵盖了三个方面:高校学生生殖健康知识掌握及态度状况;高校学生避孕药具及避孕服务的利用情况;避孕节育服务需求情况。在此基础上,确立和探究了高校学生生殖健康、性行为及避孕节育的导向原则、服务模式及推进措施。     

Seeking safer sexual spaces: queer and trans young people labeled with intellectual disabilities and the paradoxical risks of restriction

Young lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people labeled with intellectual disabilities have unique sexual health needs that are not being met. Denial by others of their right to pleasure and the exercise of heightened external control over their sexuality are commonplace. Current research indicates that these youth are at heightened risk for compromised sexual health. This study aimed to explore the ways in which social and environmental conditions influence vulnerability to adverse sexual health outcomes for this population. We used a community-based research approach to conduct qualitative interviews and focus groups with 10 young LGBT people (aged 17-26) labeled with intellectual disabilities. Participants reported multiple limitations on their autonomy that resulted in having sex in places where they did not feel comfortable and were unlikely to practice safer sex. Attempts by authority figures to protect youth through limits on their autonomy may be unintentionally leading to negative sexual health outcomes.