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1.
Following four hypotheses on the production of soldiers were tested in thePheidole fervida colonies collected in the natural field:
The present test suggested that the last idea was most likely to the wild colonies ofP. fervida. 相似文献
1. | The proportion of new soldiers is primarily dependent on the population size of old workers. |
2. | The abundance of old soldiers reduces the proportion of new soldiers. |
3. | The production of sexuals reduces the proportion of new soldiers. |
4. | The number of soldiers is correlated with the size of defense zone. |
2.
Shun'ichi Makino 《Researches on Population Ecology》1989,31(1):1-10
1. | Losses in workers and reproductives due to the ichneumonid parasitoidLatibulus sp. were determined in a haplometrotic, temperate paper wasp,Polistes riparius, during a 5-year study. |
2. | Fifty-four to 79% of pre-emergence nests were parasitized on worker brood, resulting in a worker loss of 25–31% on average. Worker brood reared in outer cells were much more often parasitized than those in central ones, possibly because outer cells are more accessible to the parasitoid. Infestation of worker brood was not random but aggregated among nests. |
3. | Seventy-eight to 100% of nests were parasitized on reproductive brood, and lost 10–34% of reproductives. |
4. | The number of emerged workers positively correlated with that of reproductives produced and that of cells made during the season. This suggests that worker loss reduces reproductive output of colonies. Hence, the parasitoid can reduce colonial reproductive output not only by killing reproductive brood but by reducing worker force. |
3.
1. | The effects of larval rearing density and species relative proportions on life-history parameters of two necrophagous Diptera,Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae) andBoettcherisca formosensis Kirner and Lopes (Sarcophagidae), were investigated in mixed cultures. Larval rearing density had a significant effect on larval to adult survivorship, duration of immature development, adult size and relative performance (measured by the composite index of performance,r′) of both species. However, species relative proportions affected adult size of both flies and the duration of immature development ofB. formosensis only. |
2. | B. formosensis had a higher survivorship thanH. ligurriens in all mixed cultures and showed a similar survivorship pattern to that in pure cultures. By contrast, survivorship ofH. ligurriens was lower in mixed than in pure cultures. |
3. | H. ligurriens adults reared from mixed cultures were smaller than those from pure cultures of comparable density, butB. formosensis adults from pure and mixed cultures were of similar size. |
4. | The results suggest that competition betweenB. formosensis andH. ligurriens larvae was asymmetric and the former was the superior competior. |
5. | At low larval densities in mixed cultures, the presence ofH. ligurriens enhanced the performance (as measured byr′) ofB. formosensis, a consequence of suspected interspecific facilitation of larval growth. |
4.
Yoshihiro Yamada 《Researches on Population Ecology》1990,32(2):365-379
1. | Analysis of life tables of the oriental moth,Monema flavescens, obtained for 8 generations over 4 years, disclosed that the cocoon parasitoid,Praestochrysis shanghaiensis, acted as a density-disruptive factor. |
2. | The density of the host cocoon remained stable (max./min.=3.2), whereas that of the host adult varied (max./min.=14.3) although both showed similar fluctation patterns. |
3. | Stability of the host population was associated with the density-dependence in the ratio of first generation cocoons to overwintered generation moths, which was the key factor for the rate of change throughout the year. Chrysidid parasitism among the first generation cocoons ranged from 37.7 to 70.1%, and that among the second generation cocoons from 16.7 to 63.2%, each showing an inverse density-dependence and acting as the main determinant (key-factor) of the between-year variation in the density of the adult moths. |
4. | The density-dependence of the rate of change from overwintered generation adults to first generation cocoons was so strong that the parasitism on the second generation hosts had not effect on the cocoon density of the first generation. On the other hand, the density-dependence of the rate of change from first generation adults to second generation cocoons was weak, and the parasitism on the first generation hosts became the key factor for the between-year variation of the second generation cocoons. |
5. | It is suggested that the stability of the parasitoid-host system will be disrupted without three parasitism-restricting factors: asynchrony in the parasitoid attack on the second generation hosts, high mortality among parasitoid larvae of the second generation, and the high proportion of those first generation parasitoids that enter diapause. These factors are considered to be effective only in cooler parts of the distribution of the parasitoid. |
5.
Edward Groenland 《Social indicators research》1990,22(4):367-384
The paper reports on a study of indicators of well-being, including objective indicators of well-being, global, affective indicators of well-being, and indicators of socio-economic well-being. Socioeconomic well-being is (narrowly) defined as that part of the individual's universal well-being which is strongly related to money and material means.It was hypothesized that these 3 classes of indicators of well-being have different meanings for the various groups of people on social security. Therefore, data were collected from a Dutch, nationally representative sample of 3 categories of individuals drawing benefits, namely: people receiving social benefits; unemployed, and disabled people, and a group of people in work. Hypotheses were tested regarding the following issues:
相似文献
1. | the structure of the concept of well-being; |
2. | predictors of happiness; |
3. | well-being and social security. |
6.
Of the biotic factors potentially affecting the foraging behavior of pit-building antlion larvae,Myrmeleon bore
Tjeder, we focussed on the density effects and examined experimentally influences of larval density on pit construction behavior,
spatial distribution and pit relocation rate. Moreover the mechanism of mutual interference among larvae was examined.
相似文献
1. | After releasing 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 third instar larvae ofM. bore at the center of each container (30×30×10 cm3) filled with sand, we measured number of pits, pit diameter and position of pit base. |
2. | More than 80% of antlion larvae at each density always constructed pits, and the rates of larvae that had not constructed pits rose in proportion to the density. Pit size was approximately constant independent of the density. |
3. | The density ofM. bore larvae clearly affected the residence time of the pits, i.e. more larvae frequently relocate pits with increasing larval density. |
4. | To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of the larvae in a container, nearest neighbor distance (NND) was measured. Comparison between the observed NND and the expected value for NND in random distribution obtained from computer simulation suggested that high larval density produced a uniform distribution owing to their mutual interference. |
5. | The result of an experiment to examine the mechanism of mutual interference among larvae showed that frequent dropping of sand into a pit tossed by neighbor antlion larvae causes a pit-relocation. |
7.
Yoshihiro Yamada 《Researches on Population Ecology》1988,30(2):235-249
1. | a mathematical model is presented which predicts the expected optimal-patch-use strategy for solitary parasitoids with a limited fecundity. |
2. | The model predicts that the quality of the patches is determined by the proportion of unparasitized hosts and not by the density of those hosts, and that throughout the searching period the parasitoids should maintain the level of parasitism equal in all the patches irrespective of the host density per patch. |
3. | The spatial pattern of parasitism among field patches by a parasitoid with a low fecundity,Praestochrysis shanghaiensis, was in agreement with the prediction of the model, i.e., a similar level of parasitism in different patches was observed when the ratio of female parasitoids to hosts in the whole study area exceeded 0.07. When the ratio was less than 0.05, however, the level of parasitism per patch showed an inverse relation to the host density, and was positively correlated with the female parasitoid-host ratio. |
4. | The model assumes that the parasitoids move between patches without cost and have perfect information about patch quality. Consideration of the cost of moving and sampling bridges the gap between the observed and predicted rates of parasitism found when the female parasitoid-host ratio in the whole study area was low |
8.
In studying the complex determinants of human fertility, social scientists have given little attention to population density,
although reproduction has been shown to be density-dependent for a wide variety of other species. Using fixed effects models
on the time series of 145 countries and controlling for key social and economic variables, we find a consistent and significant
negative relationship between human fertility and population density. Moreover, we find that individual fertility preferences
also decline with population density. These findings suggest that population density should be included as a variable in future
studies of fertility determinants.
相似文献
Wolfgang LutzEmail: |
9.
This paper introduces gender discrimination and population growth into a model of political economy. The government keeps up the military for the sake of political instability in the country. It is shown that if the risk of internal conflicts is high, then the government needs a bigger military and a larger supply of young men for it. The government is then willing to boost population growth by keeping women outside the production (e.g. neglecting their education or restricting their movement). Some empirical evidence on the interdependence of political instability, population growth, and gender discrimination is provided.
相似文献
Tapio Palokangas (Corresponding author)Email: |
10.
This study reviewed three philosophical accounts of happiness, and then tested those accounts with the Asiabarometer surveys
conducted in six Confucian societies during the summer of 2006. Statistical analyses of these surveys reveal that East Asians
tend to experience happiness to a greater extent when they experience enjoyment together with achievement and/or satisfaction.
The preponderance of such multi-dimensional conceptions in all those societies poses a direct challenge to a single dimensional
account of happiness in the West. The analyses also reveal that positive assessments of interpersonal relationships matter
more than the amount of knowledge or wealth in living a happy life in Confucian societies.
相似文献
Doh Chull Shin (Corresponding author)Email: |
Takashi InoguchiEmail: |
11.
This study applies rich data from the 2000 Swiss census to investigate the patterns of intergenerational education transmission
for natives and second-generation immigrants. The level of secondary schooling attained by youth aged 17 is related to their
parents’ educational outcomes based on data on the entire Swiss population. Extending economic theories of child educational
attainment, we derive hypotheses regarding the patterns of intergenerational education transmission. The data yield substantial
heterogeneity in intergenerational transmission across population groups. Only a small share of this heterogeneity is explained
by the predictions of economic theory.
相似文献
Regina T. Riphahn (Corresponding author)Email: |
12.
The changing nature of wage inequality 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Thomas Lemieux 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):21-48
The paper reviews recent developments in the literature on wage inequality with a particular focus on why inequality growth
has been particularly concentrated in the top end of the wage distribution over the last 15 years. Several possible institutional
and demand-side explanations are discussed for the secular growth in wage inequality in the United States and other advanced
industrialized countries.
相似文献
Thomas LemieuxEmail: |
13.
K. S. Kavi Kumar Maithili Ramachandran Brinda Viswanathan 《Social indicators research》2009,90(3):365-380
Weight-for-squared height or body mass index (BMI) is often considered as an effective predictor of morbidity and mortality
rates. This study uses BMI data from a sample of ever-married women in the age group of 15–49 years in the North Indian state
of Uttar Pradesh for the year 1998–1999, to analyse the determinants of chronic energy deficiency (CED) and estimate the population
vulnerable to CED. The results highlight that CED rates and vulnerability rates can be very different, emphasizing need for
policy intervention to focus on ‘potential’ CED persons. The characteristics of vulnerable population identified would be
appropriate channels for policy intervention.
相似文献
K. S. Kavi KumarEmail: |
14.
Empirical studies in the migration literature have shown that enclaves (networks) negatively affect the language proficiency
of migrants. Most of these studies do not address the choice of location as a function of language skills. Using data on Mexican
migration to the US, we show that migrants choose smaller networks as their English language proficiency improves.
相似文献
Ira N. Gang (Corresponding author)Email: |
15.
Nowadays many agents meet defensive expenditures to protect themselves against environmental deterioration. Such expenditures may contribute to support economic growth. Environmental degradation, in fact, may induce agents to work harder to replace depleted environmental goods with substitute goods. The consequent rise in the activity level may further deplete the environment, worsening the agents’ expectations on the future environmental quality and increasing their demand for substitute goods. To examine this issue, we adopt a simple model in which agents formulate expectations on the future environment that can be right or wrong and examine how such expectations influence capital accumulation and growth.
相似文献
A. AntociEmail: |
16.
Jad M. Chaaban 《Social indicators research》2009,93(2):351-358
This paper develops an empirical methodology for the construction of a synthetic multi-dimensional cross-country comparison
of the performance of governments around the world in improving the livelihood of their younger population. The devised ‘Youth
Welfare Index’ is based on the nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology and allows for cross-country benchmarking
and comparison over time. The value added of the youth index is to produce country-specific rankings and trace performance
evolution with respect to indicators solely centered on youth, unlike other development indicators like the Human Development
Index (HDI) which bundles many social and development indicators.
相似文献
Jad M. ChaabanEmail: |
17.
In a model on population and endogenous technological change, Kremer (1993) combines a short-run Malthusian scenario where income determines the population that can be sustained, with the Boserupian insight that greater population spurs technological change and can therefore lift a country out of its Malthusian trap. We show that a more realistic version of the model, which combines population and population density, allows deeper insights into these processes. The incorporation of population density also allows a superior interpretation of the empirical regularities between the level of population, population density, population growth, and economic development at aggregated and disaggregated levels.
相似文献
Thorsten NestmannEmail: |
18.
This paper analyzes the effects of population aging on the preferred legal retirement age. What is revealed is the crucial role that the indirect ‘macro’ effects resulting from a change in the legal retirement age play in the optimal decision. Two social security systems are studied. Under a defined contribution scheme, aging lowers the preferred legal retirement age. However, under a defined pension scheme, the retirement age is delayed. This result shows the relevance of correctly choosing the parameter affected by the dependency ratio in the design of the social security programme.
相似文献
Francisco Lagos (Corresponding author)Email: Fax: +34-95-8249995 |
19.
Casual employment is extensive and has been increasing for more than two decades in Australia. The concept of casual employment
used in the Australian context is unusual, but it is directly linked to benefit and rights exclusion within the regulatory
framework governing employment. The expansion in casual employment has spread across all sectors, industries and occupations.
Casual employment is associated with various forms of insecurity including income and employment insecurity. There are a number
of ways in which the insecurity associated with casual employment could be reduced.
相似文献
Iain Campbell (Corresponding author)Email: |
20.
Allison M. Williams Nazeem Muhajarine James Randall Ronald Labonte Peter Kitchen 《Social indicators research》2008,85(1):97-110
This paper examines volunteerism across three neighbourhood types that are differentiated by socio-economic status (SES) in
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The three neighbourhood types are defined as Low, Middle and High SES. The study used data
collected from two telephone surveys (n = 968 in 2001, n = 997 in 2004) using random-digit dialling, together with in-depth interview data collected from a selected set of survey
participants (n = 90). Neighbourhood type and length of residence are shown to have a strong bearing on volunteerism. The interview data
illustrates that the quality of volunteer activity that residents engage in differs across neighbourhood types.
相似文献
Peter KitchenEmail: |