金融科技与企业投资行为研究——基于融资约束的影响机制

数字经济背景下,金融科技产业发展对传统金融格局带来了新的冲击.本文利用2011-2018年省级与市级金融科技指数及A股上市公司的面板数据,研究了金融科技发展对企业投资规模及效率的影响.研究结果表明:(1)金融科技有助于促进企业投资规模的增加.(2)当企业面临的融资约束水平更高时,金融科技对企业投资规模的促进作用更加显著,间接验证了融资约束的影响机制.(3)金融科技增加了融资可得性并降低了融资成本,从而为金融科技通过缓解企业融资约束促进企业投资这一结论提供了补充性证据.(4)虽然金融科技缓解了企业的投资不足,但同时增加了企业的非效率投资,尤其是过度投资行为.这表明,现阶段金融科技可以有效缓解企业融资约束促进投资,但没有充分发挥信息技术加强债权人监督的功能.     

可转债能促进企业创新吗？——基于资本市场再融资方式的对比分析

基于可转债既是融资工具也是契约制度安排的双重属性,探析可转债对企业创新的影响机制和作用效果,就近年来可转债市场扩容对上市公司发展质量的影响提供科学评价．研究发现：１）与普通债券和股权再融资相比,可转债显著提升了企业创新数量和质量．２）可转债一方面能够缓解创新项目融资约束,另一方面能够通过债务治理、股权治理和期权激励机制改善公司治理水平,促进企业创新．３）内部人利用赎回条款或向下修正条款短期内促成债转股的行为,会削弱可转债对创新的促进效果．研究有助于厘清可转债多重属性对创新的影响机制,也有助于从利益相关者博弈角度理解可转债的治理效果,并对如何优化可转债对创新的促进作用提出了建议．     

金融契约选择对双边道德风险及社会福利的影响实验研究

金融契约理论认为不同的金融契约代表不同的索取权和控制权,体现对融资者和投资者的激励和约束作用。实验研究发现当融资者追求私人收益较低时,投融资者之间签订偏股性的契约有利,反之签订偏债性的契约。从社会福利而言融资的优先顺序为可转债契约、股债组合契约、标准的债务契约和标准的权益契约。原因是具有内嵌转换期权的可转债契约能够抑制双边道德风险的作用,即融资者侵占行为较少和投资者更愿意投入协助或监督。     

含股权回售与赎回条款的或有可转债定价研究

为兼顾发行方与投资者的利益,确保融资效率,本文设计了含股权回售与赎回条款的或有可转债(share-putable&callable CoCos,SPCCs).首先将其分解为普通或有可转债多头、下降-敲入看跌障碍期权多头以及上升-敲入看涨障碍期权空头的组合;然后针对债券价值的“路径依赖”特征,引入Jarrow-Turnbull模型确定生存概率,继而推导出以股价为触发器的SPCCs定价公式;最后针对瑞信集团(credit suisse) 2011年2月发行的或有可转债进行实证分析.结果表明:SPCCs价格与债转股触发强度增速显著负相关;同时发行方股价波动率会对SPCCs价格产生间接影响,且影响方向取决于“CoCos价值随股价波动率的增加幅度”与“股权回售与赎回条款价值随股价波动率的减少幅度”孰大孰小.     

政府治理、产权偏好与资本投资

本文从投资机会和融资约束视角分析了地方政府治理水平影响企业投资行为的机制,认为地方政府通过提供高质量的公共治理水平,帮助企业获得更多的投资机会和融资渠道,扩大企业投资规模,提高投资效率。以我国2005-2007年间上市公司为研究样本,本文实证检验的结果表明,较高的地方政府治理水平会提高公司的资本投资规模;政府治理影响企业资本投资与投资机会的敏感度在民营企业中更为显著,政府治理对国有企业资本投资的影响随着实际控制人的行政级别提高而降低。进一步研究发现,政府治理能够降低企业的融资约束,提高企业投资效率。     

社会资本、政治关系与我国私募股权基金投融资行为

本文首次同时采用各省区慈善组织指数和信任度指数作为社会资本的代理变量,创新性地从微观视角实证研究了各省社会资本水平的差异对于我国私募股权基金(Private Equity,PE)融资规模、投资规模和跨区域投资行为的影响,并进而深入探讨了社会资本与PE政治关系在影响PE投融资行为方面的相互替代作用。结果发现,在社会资本水平较高的地区,当地PE的融资规模较大,PE对当地创业企业的投资规模也较大,在当地募集的PE与当地基金管理公司所管理的PE更倾向于跨区域投资;而PE的政治关系对于PE投融资行为的影响与社会资本是可以相互替代的,即对于有政治关系的PE而言,社会资本对其投融资行为的影响大大减弱。本文的研究不仅拓展了社会资本在经济金融领域的研究内容,而且也是对有关PE研究领域的丰富和补充。     

集团控制、融资优势与投资效率

本文在企业组织理论与投融资理论相融合的统一分析框架下,从集团融资及其对投资效率的影响这一路径考察了集团控制及其内部资本市场运作对成员企业资源配置效率的影响。以A股上市公司2007—2010年的数据为样本,我们发现:集团化运作能通过多种途径放松成员企业的融资约束;而集团控制所带来的融资优势对成员企业投资效率的影响具有两面性。一方面会因资金来源的增加而缓解投资不足,另一方面却因整体融资能力的增强而加剧过度投资。进一步分析显示,产权异质性对集团资源配置效率有重要的影响。集团化运作的融资优势在私有产权控制的集团公司中得到最大发挥,具体表现为缓解投资不足;而地方政府控制的集团公司则容易利用低成本融资进行过度投资;中央政府控制的集团公司融资优势不明显,过度投资程度也较轻。上述研究结论将有助于我们全面深入的理解企业集团的"光明面"与"黑暗面"。     

融资约束影响企业投资效率的作用机制研究

对企业融资约束和投资效率相关文献进行梳理,详细介绍了融资约束和投资效率基本理论、影响因素及度量方法,试图归纳和阐述融资约束影响企业投资效率的作用机制,为我国上市公司融资和投资实证研究提供理论基础。     

股票市价、所有权特征与公司投资行为研究——基于股权融资依赖视角

基于行为公司财务理论,构建了股票误定价通过股权融资渠道影响企业投资行为的理论模型.在模型阐释和制度背景分析的基础上,在不同的股权融资依赖度和所有权控制特征下,对股票市价与公司投资行为进行了实证研究.结果表明:股权融资的依赖程度越大,企业投资水平对股票市价的敏感性越高;在相同的股权融资依赖度下,地方政府所辖上市公司的投资规模对股票市价的敏感性大于民营产权控制和中央企业控制的上市公司;股票市价对企业投资行为的影响因不同的所有权控制特征和治理效率而存在差异;监管机构加强对融资需求的评估与公共治理的强化,是抑制地方上市公司股权融资资金配置自利动机的有效途径.     

投资的融资效应、自由现金流与企业价值

本文的目的在于阐述企业投资所附带的融资效应，为此建立了一个基于企业投融资行为的分析框架，通过对企业投资的融资约束、融资结构、控制权安排、激励机制、自由现金流、企业价值等变量之间关系的探讨，揭示投资的融资效应对企业价值的作用机理与传导机制。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.