海外市场多元化对出口绩效的影响机制研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

随着经济全球化的深入和中国经济进入新常态,"中企西进"态势日趋明显,海外市场多元化战略(diversifivation,DIV)成为众多中国出口企业的战略选择.那么,DIV是如何影响企业出口绩效的呢?基于制度理论视角构建了海外市场多元化战略影响出口绩效作用机制的理论模型.研究发现DIV抑制而非促进了企业出口绩效,异质性资源加剧了这种负面影响,而完善的制度环境缓解了这种负面影响.由此说明,完善的制度环境是DIV促进企业出口绩效的必要条件.如果制度环境不完善,企业异质性资源越强,DIV对出口绩效的负面影响反而更大.     

为什么中国企业难以国内跨地区经营?

国内跨地区经营有助于企业充分利用各地区的市场机会和异质性资源,是企业实现可持续成长的重要战略选择。虽然庞大的国内市场为跨地区经营提供了良好的外部条件,但中国企业在国内跨地区经营方面却表现较差。有鉴于此,本研究致力于揭示企业国内跨地区经营面临的制度性障碍,以进一步促进企业国内跨地区经营。通过理论分析和基于中国证券企业数据的实证检验发现,目标市场的制度环境对企业跨地区经营战略有正向影响,目标市场和企业所在地之间的制度距离以及目标市场的市场分割程度对跨地区经营战略有显著的负向影响,说明地区制度环境差、地区之间的制度距离大和市场分割严重是企业国内跨地区经营面临的重要障碍。从影响强度来看,制度距离的负向影响最强,地理距离的负向影响次之,市场分割的负面影响最弱,制度环境的绝对影响强度处于地理距离和市场分割之间。本研究还发现上述因素对跨地区经营战略的影响强度与企业跨地区经营经验和目标市场规模有关,企业跨地区经营经验越丰富、目标市场规模越大,制度环境对跨地区经营战略的正向影响越强,制度距离和市场分割对跨地区经营战略的负向影响越弱。本研究揭示了企业国内跨地区经营面临的制度性障碍,并比较了不同制度因素影响强度的大小,不仅对企业评估各地区经营环境、科学合理地制定跨地区经营战略,而且对政府进一步促进企业国内跨地区经营有重要启示。     

我国民营企业政治关联、多元化战略与公司绩效

本文以我国2002-2005年在沪深证券交易所上市的民营企业为样本,综合考察了政治关联与多元化对公司绩效的共同影响,探讨企业政治关联是否具有多元化效应,这种多元化效应是否真正促进了企业绩效的实现。本文研究结果发现:第一,无政治关联企业的多元化与公司业绩关系呈倒U型,具有政治关联的企业多元化与公司业绩关系呈逆L型;第二,具有政治关联的企业更可能实施多元化,尤其是非相关多元化;第三,有政治关联的民营企业在进行国际化发展时,更有可能通过非相关多元化战略进行扩张,但是对于无政治关联的企业,则更可能通过专业化战略拓展海外市场。进一步,本文发现,国际化与相关多元化在一定程度上存在着替代关系,而与非相关多元化存在一定程度的互补关系;第四,具有政治关联企业的多元化(包括相关多元化与非相关多元化)比无政治关联企业更可能促进企业短期经营状况的改善,即会计绩效的提高;但具有政治关联企业的非相关多元化将对未来的绩效表现产生负面影响,即损害公司的市场价值。     

规模竞争还是范围竞争?——来自中国企业国际化战略的证据

战略管理和国际企业管理领域经常忽视对新兴市场国家的"后来者"的研究。本文分析了产业动态、资源能力和制度变迁等方面因素对我国企业经营的规模和范围的影响,并提出相应假设。本文试图找到与国际化程度相关联的专业化战略或多元化战略与中国企业绩效之间的关系。基于我国上市公司2002年至2004年共2189个样本数据,本文实证研究发现,在我国,专业化企业比多元化企业具有更大的竞争优势,并且获得更好的经济绩效。这可能是由于国内市场日益激烈的竞争和开放政策下全球化的压力决定了企业选择规模竞争。     

中国上市公司国有股权对创新战略选择和绩效的影响研究

主要分析我国处于转型经济时期,作为企业根本制度安排的股权结构,特别是国有股权对企业创新战略选择及其绩效的影响.以我国541家上市公司为样本数据,分析国有股权、企业创新战略选择与经济绩效的关系.分析发现,自主创新和过程创新都与国有股正相关;国有股比例对产品创新战略的绩效有负面影响,而对过程创新战略选择的绩效作用不显著.     

TMT异质性、战略变革与绩效改善的关系研究——基于绩效下滑的非多元化企业的数据实证

本文基于高阶梯队理论,针对以往TMT研究的关键问题,探讨绩效下滑的非多元化企业CEO继任后,TMT异质性、战略变革和绩效改善的关系。本文选取了沪深两市2005-2013年相关数据为研究变量,对2008-2010期间发生CEO变更的145家绩效下滑的非多元化企业进行实证研究,结果表明,TMT任期异质性对战略变动有显著负向影响,战略变动对企业绩效变化没有显著影响,战略背离对企业绩效变化有显著负向影响。当我们探索性的测量战略变革的方向时,发现战略变动与企业绩效变化呈U型关系,战略背离与企业绩效变化呈倒U型关系。本研究不仅为绩效下滑的非多元化企业转型战略研究提供一个新的视角,而且为绩效下滑企业选择高管团队提供了决策的依据。     

资源异质性如何影响企业绩效:资源管理能力调节效应的检验和分析

战略理论认为,资源与能力是引致企业竞争优势和绩效差异的重要因素,但鲜有实证研究探讨异质性资源与何种企业能力组合可提升企业绩效的问题。本文通过定量研究分析了资源异质性与资源管理能力不同维度组合对企业绩效影响的效果。数据分析结果表明,资源获取、整合与释放能力维度对资源异质性正向影响企业绩效的作用关系有调节作用,但对不同的资源特质—绩效关系影响程度不同。本研究揭示了资源异质性—企业绩效关系成立的边界条件和影响因素,对企业管理实践有重要意义。     

制度环境多样性、跨地区经营经验与服务企业产品市场绩效——来自中国证券业的经验证据

企业在跨地区经营时不可避免地要面对各地区多样化的制度环境,不同地区的制度环境对企业提出的要求不同,甚至是相互矛盾的.因此,如何适应多样化的制度环境是企业跨地区经营面临的重大挑战.本文提出了制度环境多样性这一概念,并进一步基于制度理论探讨制度环境多样性和跨地区经营经验对服务企业产品市场绩效的影响.通过理论分析和基于中国证券企业数据的实证检验发现:(1)制度环境多样性与企业产品市场绩效呈倒U形关系,说明制度环境多样性水平过低或过高均不利于提高产品市场绩效;(2)跨地区经营经验对产品市场绩效有正向影响;(3)跨地区经营经验对制度环境多样性与产品市场绩效的关系有调节作用:跨地区经营经验越丰富,制度环境多样性对产品市场绩效的影响越小.本研究首次从理论和实证上探讨了制度环境多样性和跨地区经营经验对企业产品市场绩效的影响,研究结论对服务企业跨地区经营决策有重要启示.     

基于制度基础观的市场进入模式影响因素:理论模型构建与相关研究命题的提出

近年来,制度基础观已成为战略管理的第三个重要研究支点,制度因素对企业市场进入模式的选择有重大影响.本文基于制度基础观,研究反映在管制因素、规范因素和认知因素三个维度上的制度环境对企业市场进入模式的资源承诺、控制程度和股权特征的影响,建立了制度环境与企业海外市场进入模式影响关系的理论框架,提出了研究命题,指出了研究的不足和未来研究方向.     

绿色税制改革对企业环境绩效的影响研究

以2018年《环境保护税法》实施为契机,基于2013～2019年A股工业企业的经验数据,使用双重差分法探究绿色税制改革对企业环境绩效的影响。研究发现,绿色税制改革能够显著提升企业环境绩效,且随着时间的推移,这种提升作用在不断增强。对市场制度和环境制度的检验发现,当市场制度较差、政府监管较强、媒体监督较强时,绿色税制改革更能提升企业环境绩效。对影响机制的探索发现,绿色税制改革提升企业环境绩效的机制,在于促进企业环保投资和企业绿色创新,且与促进企业环保投资这种短期方式相比,促进企业绿色创新这种长期方式的机制效应更显著。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.