问题导向：管理理论发展的推动力

问题是理论研究的起点.在人类管理理论时代性贡献与实践性关系上, 主要的困难不是答案, 而是问题.真正有价值的实际问题既能使管理理论具有旺盛的生命力, 又能使管理理论保持与时俱进的鲜活度, 并且理论的学术价值与真理性最终只能用解决实际问题的实践来证明.反之, 长久地脱离生动的管理问题, 忘记实践本身就是伟大的思想者, 或者一味生活在别人的思想栅栏和理论围城中, 终究会使我们自己的学术生命力慢慢衰落.问题导向原则要求我国管理理论研究不仅坚持实践化, 更从本国国情出发, 以解决我国现实问题和指导我国管理实践为主旨, 最终推动管理学术中国化的实现.当前需要认真弄清楚这一学理逻辑的基本形态与范式, 弄清楚如何在问题导向原则中保持这种形态的持久张力, 并使这种形态超越民族与地域的局限而融入人类管理学术整体文明之中.     

论建设马克思主义学习型政党

建设马克思主义学习型政党，是党的十七届四中全会在深刻总结历史经验的基础上，科学分析党的建设面，临的新形势，着眼于提高党的执政能力和保持党的先进性而提出的一项重大战略任务。落实这一战略部署，必须深刻认识建设马克思主义学习型政党的重大意义和基本要求，把推进马克思主义中国化、时代化、大众化，用中国特色社会主义理论体系武装全党，开展社会主义核心价值体系学习教育，建设学习型党组织等各项任务完成好，努力提高全党思想政治水平，使党的理论和实践始终体现时代性、把握规律性、富于创造性，真正成为科学理论武装、具有世界眼光、善于把握规律、富有创新精神的马克思主义学习型政党．     

建立中国特色管理哲学的思考

该文从中国特色社会主义市场经济发展的现实需要出发,阐述了建立中国特色管理哲学的必要性和可行性以及如何建立中国特色管理哲学,力求为管理理论和管理实践的发展开辟新的道路.     

中国共产党推进马克思主义“三化”的历史沉思

2009年9月,党的十七届四中全会通过了《中共中央关于加强和改进新形势下党的建设若干重大问题的决定》,在我们党的历史上第一次明确提出了推进马克思主义中国化、时代化、大众化的这一重大命题。如何从中国共产党历史发展的角度,深刻认识推进马克思主义中国化、时代化、大众化的客观过程,在理论上和实践上坚持好、发展好马克思主义,具有重大的理论和实践意义。为此,本文对这一重大问题做了初浅的思考。     

着力推进马克思主义大众化

<正>党的十七届四中全会提出了"不断推进马克思主义中国化、时代化、大众化"的要求。马克思主义大众化是中国化、时代化的目的和归宿。马克思主义本质上是人民大众的理论,大众化是马克思主义的理论特色和发展、创新的途径,只有实现大众化,马克思主义才能由精神力量变为改造世界、改变亿万群众命运的巨大物质力量。建设中国特     

也谈管理理论品格的时代性

管理作为一类活动是人类形成以后第一个具有品格特征的事情，凝练这类活动经验的管理理论进而也是具有品格的，并且具有不断演化的时代性． 管理理论的时代性从根本上源于人类劳动方式的演化，并且表现为管理思想、管理组织、管理手段和管理教育等四个方面的时代性特征． 时代的发展为人们带来了极好的管理理论创新、发展和突破的机遇．     

公共政策战略:基本面向、实施动力与实现路径

公共政策战略主要包括战略化政策的政策战略思维与政策战略化的政策战略管理两个基本面向,拥有制度动力、学科发展动力、现实动力三大研究推动力。构建与完善中国特色公共政策战略,须在国家战略发展的条件下探讨政策战略的理论研究与实践问题,注重国家政策战略化与战略化政策的阶段性与层次性,注重"理性型思维"与"负战略思维"的运用,避免陷入西方实证主义套路与落后主义误区。     

以制度创新保障跨越式发展

科学发展观与跨越式发展 科学发展观是新一届中央领导集体在新的历史条件下,针对新的形势和新的任务所提出的新的执政纲领,充分体现了我们党在有中国特色的社会主义道路探索上一脉相承又与时俱进的理论品质和实践精神,是马克思主义中国化的最新理论成果,是指导我们各项工作的行动指南。     

中国本土管理研究路径探索——基于实践理论的视角

在经历了30多年的发展并从西方引入大量的管理理论之后,中国本土管理研究应该如何进一步发展成为学界探讨和争论的热点。回应学界最近的讨论,本文认为,以研究本土管理实践为重心是中国管理研究能够取得突破性进展的关键。针对学界在实现路径上的疑惑并推动对本土管理实践的深入研究,本文介绍了实践理论(practice theory)的视角及其对中国本土管理研究的重要启示。透过这一视角,本文构建了基于中国管理实践研究的实现路径,探讨了中国管理实践的特殊性及亟须研究的相关问题,并对基于中国管理实践研究的理论贡献和现实指导价值进行了展望和探讨。     

新公共管理理论在中国乡村民主中的境遇及其出路

新公共管理理论的兴起与发展,是与西方发达国家的现实和发展相一致的。然而,当把这一理论移植到当前中国的发展实践中时,就不可避免地会遇到一些问题:其理论与运行机制能否与中国的特有文化和发展实践相适应?具体到中国当前的乡村民主建设问题,是否能将公共管理理论与其创造性结合而建立一个有效的治理模式?本文尝试对此作一分析。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.