内部控制信息披露的现状及意义研究

内部控制信息在资本市场上发挥着重要作用,通过其披露,可以减少公司委托代理关系中的信息不对称现象,以降低产生逆向选择和道德风险的可能性。本文在总结了目前资本市场对内部控制信息披露的现状的基础上,分析了其披露的意义,为内部控制信息披露的完善提供了一定的理论依据。     

CEO变更与企业价值关系的实证模型

委托代理理论认为CEO变更是由于代理人没有实现委托人对企业价值的预期,委托人以解除契约的形式来体现其约束机制的威力。为验证委托代理理论对CEO变更与企业价值关系的解释力,基于委托代理理论的两个前提假设,即委托代理关系的成立和企业价值低于股东的预期,构建CEO变更与企业价值关系的Logistic回归模型。选取2005年至2009年中国资本市场发生CEO变更、A股持续经营的上市公司样本,依据样本企业价值和企业性质的不同对Logistic回归模型进行分组检验。研究结果表明,企业价值水平较高时,股东对企业价值的预期通常能够得到满足,导致股东依据企业价值水平变更CEO的可能性较小;民营企业由于公司治理水平较低,CEO与股东之间的委托代理关系不一定成立,这两种情况均会降低委托代理理论对CEO变更与企业价值关系的解释能力,因此仅用委托代理理论来解释CEO变更与企业价值关系具有一定的局限性。     

稳步世界500强的喜与忧

2013年《财富》世界500强最新榜单于7月8日揭晓．榜单显示，今年中国大陆上榜企业由去年的73家“稳步”增长至89家，中国大陆上榜企业数量连续第10年增加（中国经济网7月9日）。     

分析师荐股更新利用管理层语调吗?——基于业绩说明会的文本分析

本文基于2005~2012年上市公司年度业绩说明会互动平台的相关文本信息研究发现,管理层净正面语调提高了分析师更新其荐股报告的可能性及更新人数比例,并会提高分析师荐股评级水平及其变动;而由于分析师乐观性偏差的存在,管理层正面语调对分析师荐股评级水平及其变动有显著正的影响,而负面语调则没有显著影响。本文进一步研究发现,业绩说明会与年报披露间隔时间、语调可靠性在一定程度上显著影响分析师利用管理层语调更新其荐股行为;经验丰富的分析师、非明星分析师、来自小券商和工作更为繁忙的分析师相对更充分或更有可能利用业绩说明会语调来更新其荐股行为。这些发现表明,业绩说明会管理层语调是有信息含量的,且分析师对此进行了一定程度的利用。     

向家乡投资:信息、熟悉还是代理问题?

本文探讨公司投资中是否存在CEO的"家乡偏好",并且在信息、熟悉假说之外,基于身份认同经济学进一步提出代理问题假说,以检验中国情景下公司投资的家乡偏好动机。以手工整理的民营上市公司CEO家乡以及母、子公司地理数据,本文通过民营上市公司—地区—年度样本以及仅包含了异地任职CEO公司的子样本实证均发现:公司会更多在CEO的家乡建立异地子公司,该结论在经过多种稳健性测试之后仍然成立;并且CEO家乡的子公司相比其他异地子公司绩效更差。这说明公司投资中确实存在CEO的"家乡偏好",并且其更适合以代理问题假说来解释,而非信息和熟悉假说。进一步研究发现,CEO自身代理问题越轻(CEO持股、年轻CEO)和外部治理越强(机构投资者持股高、分析师跟踪多)均会抑制公司向CEO家乡的投资;代理问题假说解释的"家乡偏好"投资并不存在于董事长个体中,我们虽然也发现公司会更多向董事长家乡投资,但这种投资的绩效并无显著差异,相对更适合以熟悉假说解释。本文从家乡偏好视角将身份认同引入经理人代理行为,不仅在公司投资层面丰富了家乡偏好的经济后果,也以经理人个人偏好拓展和丰富了经理人代理问题的相关研究,提供了中国情景下经理人代理问题的新证据。     

富豪榜、媒体关注与民营企业慈善捐赠

每年富豪榜的新晋榜单总是吸引着新闻媒体和社会各界的广泛热议,这必然会对上榜富豪的个人生活及其企业的经营活动产生不可忽视的重要影响.本文收集整理了2005年—2017年间“胡润百富榜”上榜富豪及其控制的上市公司名单,实证检验了实际控制人上榜对企业慈善捐赠的影响.在采用基于倾向得分匹配的双重差分模型较好地控制内生性问题后,本文发现,实际控制人上榜的公司在上榜之后相对于实际控制人没有上榜的公司捐赠水平更高,这一结果经一系列稳健性测试后仍然显著成立.机制分析结果表明,媒体关注特别是负面媒体关注在实际控制人上榜和企业慈善捐赠水平上升之间起到了显著的中介作用.进一步横截面差异检验结果显示,实际控制人上榜对企业慈善捐赠的影响在实际控制人上榜名次靠前、实际控制人有政治身份、企业初始产权有“原罪”嫌疑、企业避税程度较高的公司中更加明显.这些结果表明,富豪身份标签给上榜企业家带来了更高的社会责任预期和更强的舆论监督,为强化自身合法性和正当性印象,上榜企业家会更积极地参与慈善捐赠活动.     

CEO权力强度、信息披露质量与公司业绩的波动性——基于深交所上市公司的实证研究

公司治理机制的效度不仅应该体现在提高公司业绩水平上,更应该体现在稳定公司业绩风险的作用上.本文选取2004-2008年深交所上市的374家上市公司为研究样本.以公司业绩的波动性分析为切入点,分析CEO权力强度、信息披露质量对公司横向和纵向业绩波动性的影响.研究发现:(1)CEO权力强度越大,公司的经营业绩越高但公司经营业绩的风险也越大,表明赋予CEO更多的决策权力是一把"双刃剑";(2)信息披露质量的提高能有效降低公司业绩的波动性,并且信息披露质量越高,越能有效降低CEO权力强度加大的经营风险;(3)通过对不同股权性质企业的分析,发现国有企业CEO的权力强度对公司业绩波动性的影响显著地高于非国有企业CEO权力强度对公司业绩波动性的影响.信息披露质量对于CEO权力强度下公司经营风险的抑制效应在国有企业表现得更为明显.     

非言语维度的信息重要吗?——基于投资者电话交流会信号博弈的实证研究

针对中国资本市场中自愿信息披露的非言语维度信息有效性问题，利用电话交流会的“信号博弈”问题展开了理论分析与实证研究：首先，本文构建了一个信号传递博弈模型对其中存在的委托代理问题进行理论分析；然后，基于分析结果，本文整理了2013年—2016年中国上市公司召开的投资者电话交流会的相关音频文件，在文本分析的基础上，通过声音情绪的维度进行了实证检验.研究发现：1)会议中高管的声音维度的确含有文本之外的重要增量信息；2)理论和实证均发现，相较于正面情绪，投资者更倾向通过高管的负面情绪对信息进行识别；3)一些外界因素例如压力会导致高管释放更多负面情绪并能被投资者识别.综上，非言语维度确实含有增量信息，可以缓解管理层-股东之间的委托代理问题.     

高管支持行为细分——企业IT应用中信任作用的实证检验

区别于以往高管信念对高管参与的影响研究,针对CEO与CIO特定代理关系,构建信念、关系、制度的高管支持细分模型,借鉴组织信任理论研究高管支持中信任的作用机制,运用偏最小二乘法和应用信息系统1年以上的118家企业数据对理论模型进行检验.实证结果表明,CEO对CIO的信任对CEO关系型参与有显著影响,但对CEO制度型参与的影响并不显著,且CEO制度型参与比CEO关系型参与对IT应用水平的提升效应更强,CEO对CIO信任的部分中介效应验证并强化了CEO信念作为高管支持行为来源的重要性.研究结果表明,并非高层的所有参与行为都会对企业信息化产生直接影响,只有高层管理者制度型参与才对企业信息化发展具有持续性影响,CEO信任CIO并未增强所有CEO参与行为,其仅对CEO关系型参与构成影响.     

负面偏好与上市企业披露内部控制缺陷信息关系研究

  上市企业披露的内部控制缺陷信息被很多新闻媒体当作负面报道广泛传播,与此同时,大量上市企业未披露实际存在的内部控制缺陷。在此背景下研究负面偏好对上市企业披露内部控制缺陷信息的影响具有重要意义。         以2012年至2017年中国A股主板市场上有内部控制重大缺陷迹象的企业为样本,从负面偏好的坏消息过度反应和事物类别诊断两个层面分别探究中国强制实施内部控制信息披露以来,上市企业披露内部控制缺陷信息与来自主要外部利益相关方负面后果之间的关系。采用Tobit、Probit和OLS回归估计方法,检验披露内部控制缺陷信息与来自监管机构、诉讼相关方、审计师和投资者4个外部利益相关方的负面后果之间的关系,并研究企业披露的内部控制缺陷信息数量与负面后果程度之间的关系。之后进一步探究内部控制质量对披露内部控制缺陷信息负面效应的调节作用。         研究结果表明,①对于有内部控制重大缺陷迹象的企业而言,披露内部控制缺陷信息更易引起负面后果,现阶段的内部控制监管机制对此没有构成有效的威慑;②外部利益相关方对内部控制缺陷信息的过度反应对企业有实质性影响,披露内部控制缺陷信息显著引起监管处罚、诉讼仲裁、非正常审计师变更和负面市场反应;③披露内部控制缺陷信息的充分程度与负面后果的严重程度之间存在倒U形关系,充分披露内部控制缺陷信息能够削弱与之相对应的负面后果;④内部控制质量能够正向调节充分披露内部控制缺陷信息对负面后果的削弱作用。         负面偏好的影响在一定程度上削弱了上市企业披露内部控制缺陷信息的内生动力,催生上市企业对内部控制缺陷信息的更多隐瞒和不充分披露,即“劣币驱逐良币”。研究结论为研究内部控制缺陷信息的真实性提供一个新视角,也为完善内部控制制度和相关部门开展监管工作提供相应的经验证据。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.