纵向兼并劣于技术许可吗?

基于Stackelberg竞争模型,分析非生产性的专利持有者如何在纵向兼并和技术许可之间进行选择,以转化提高产品质量的专利技术,并分析此决策对消费者的影响.研究表明:第一,当技术的创新程度较高时,专利持有者的最优策略是先纵向兼并跟随企业后向先行企业许可技术;此时,较之单位收益收费合同,兼并后的新企业更倾向于采用单位产出收费合同进行技术许可.第二,当技术的创新程度较低时,专利持有者同时向两个企业许可技术.第三,从消费者的角度而言,纵向兼并有益,而技术许可有害,这与我国政府偏好技术许可的态度相反.     

混合所有制经济的路径

发展混合所有制经济应实行“四路并进”。第一条路,立足于国有企业,吸引民营资本、外资与国有资本融合。经过30多年的改革,目前国有及国有控股企业混合所有制有一定进展,但也存在一些问题,仍有巨大发展空间。第二条路,立足于民营企业,让国资、外资与民营资本融合。民营资本是改革开放以来新崛起的一支资本力量,具有发展混合所有制的潜力,“鼓励发展非公有资本控股的混合所有制企业”,是一个新的命题。     

不完全信息下国企混改对市场竞争的影响——基于限制性定价的博弈研究

文章基于不完全信息下限制性定价博弈模型，考虑民营企业为在位者和混合所有制企业为潜在进入者的市场结构，探讨混合所有制市场结构对企业限制性定价策略的影响，以及福利最优的混合所有制改革程度选择.研究表明，随着混合所有制企业中非公有资本比例的提升，限制性定价出现的范围会逐渐缩小；且当市场进入成本较小以及在位企业为低成本类型概率较小时，市场将出现分离均衡，反之将出现混同均衡.分离均衡下存在唯一最优的非公有资本比例，该比例低于无限制性定价基准模型的情况，并随着在位企业为低成本类型概率的增加而进一步降低.因此，文章建议政府在混合所有制改革中综合考虑信息结构和市场成本等因素，同时重视市场主体经营策略的动态调整.     

混合所有制:民企的“诱惑”与“困惑”

正顶层治理结构改革不配套,同化于国有企业;股本规模比例造成差距;企业文化难融合造成发展阻碍;企业管理机制不同步,影响双方优势互补等,将是民营企业在推进混合所有制经济进程中面临的困境。发展混合所有制,需要从效率和效益角度出发,充分发挥国有资本的资源优势和民营资本的市场机制优势,有效实现互补。党的十八届三中全会有关深化经济体制改革思路中提出,要积极发展混合所有制经济,国有资本投资项目允许非国有资本参股,允许混     

专利保护背景下的技术供应链授权合同设计研究

为研究不对称信息下跨国最优技术授权合同设计问题,以外国企业为授权方,本国企业为被授权方,构建不完全信息博弈模型来分析外国企业的最优技术授权合同设计及其选择条件,进而考察授权合同选择、本国企业生产规模不经济等对技术授权、社会福利的影响。在此基础上,考虑本国企业选择生产外包与本国企业生产规模经济情形,对原始模型进行延伸和拓展分析。研究发现：分离合约是外国企业的最优选择,并且会策略性地选择固定收费形式或者双重收费形式的跨国授权合同;本国企业生产规模不经济并不会影响外国企业对跨国授权合同形式的选择,但会促使本国企业降低产品产量,产品价格上升;规模不经济对各个企业利润的影响取决于市场条件,但却总是会导致消费者剩余和社会福利的损失。本国企业选择生产外包与本国企业生产规模经济不会影响外国企业对跨国授权合同形式的选择,但会影响外国企业和本国企业的均衡决策。     

跨国专利授权策略：高版税是最优选择吗

在经济全球化趋势下，知识产权保护与跨国专利授权已成为我国及其他发展中国家的发展驱动力与基石。针对跨国最优专利授权策略选择及其影响问题，本文以外国企业和本国企业构成的垄断市场为研究对象，建立经济模型并求解模型均衡，分析跨国最优专利授权策略选择及其对本国企业决策、社会福利等方面的影响。研究发现：跨国最优专利授权策略包括低版税、固定版税、高版税三种情形，并从理论上证明了固定收费、双重收费等形式专利授权策略的存在性；外国企业的跨国最优专利授权策略选择可能会对本国企业不利，并导致专利授权方及被授权方利润的不平等分配，该结论解释了跨国专利纠纷发生的原因。在此基础上，提出了基于收益共享的帕累托改进策略。最后，基于理论分析框架和结果，通过案例分析给予检验并提炼相应的管理启示。本研究所得结论可为跨国专利授权实践提供理论依据和决策参考。     

混合所有制改革对国有企业绩效评价影响的研究

国有企业混合所有制改革旨在通过引入民间资本,改变国有企业的单一所有制结构,提高企业的经营效率和市场竞争力。文章从国有企业混合所有制改革的概念及现状入手,探讨混合所有制改革对国有企业绩效评价的影响,同时分析混合所有制改革后企业绩效评价存在的难点,并提出相应的解决措施。     

民营化企业的股权结构与企业创新

在广泛探讨混合所有制的背景下,本文分析民营化企业的股权结构对企业创新的影响。利用中国工业企业数据库的数据,分别以创新投入和创新产出衡量企业创新,我们得到如下检验结论:第一,非国有股权比例与民营化企业的创新活动显著正相关。第二,在不同的非国有股权中,个人持股比例和法人持股比例更高的民营化企业更具创新性,但外资持股比例和集体持股比例对民营化企业的创新不具有显著影响。第三,非国有股权对民营化企业创新的促进效应主要源自经理人观,而不是政治观。用工具变量控制内生性后,上述结论依然成立。本文的研究结果有助于澄清有关混合所有制的争议,对进一步深化中国国有企业产权改革具有重要的政策含义。     

互补产品供应链的授权与竞争

产品专利授权是企业寻求合作、互利双赢的一种方式。拥有互补产品的企业进行产品专利授权,会对互补产品销售和参与授权的双方企业收益产生重要影响。本文考虑一条由两家企业组成的供应链,其中一家生产并销售两种互补产品,并将其中一种产品授权给另一家企业进行竞争性生产和销售,研究该授权行为对于参与授权双方的决策与收益、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响。本文进一步利用Stackelberg博弈求解出授权前后两家公司的最优决策、利润、产品需求,以及消费者剩余和社会福利,并对授权前后的结果进行对比。结果表明,授权行为会导致被授权产品定价提高、销量增加,但其互补产品的定价和销量会下降。当专利许可费适中时,授权行为能最大程度提升授权企业的总利润。数值实验结果表明,授权行为能够提升消费者剩余,且在大多数情形下都会提高社会福利,只有当专利许可费较高时会降低社会福利。     

所有制性质、制度环境与企业跨区域市场进入战略选择

转轨经济中企业所有制性质与外部制度环境差异对企业战略选择有着至关重要的作用,本文结合资源依赖理论和制度理论,探讨不同所有制性质的房地产企业在跨区域发展战略和市场进入模式选择上的差异,并进一步考察区域制度环境对这种差异的影响作用。研究表明,民营房地产企业发生跨区域经营的概率显著高于国有房地产企业;国有房地产企业倾向于选择对目标市场经营活动较高控制程度的跨区域市场进入模式,而民营房地产企业则倾向于选择对目标市场经营活动较低控制程度的跨区域市场进入模式;当房地产企业进入制度相对完善的区域时,尽管民营企业相比国有企业仍然更倾向于选择低控制市场进入模式,但是两类所有制企业的市场进入模式选择差异显著缩小。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.