Radio and Advertising in Colombia

Over the last few decades radio has becomeone of the primary means of mass communication in Latin America, able to reach euen the remotest rural populations because of the transistor. Colombia, where ninety-one percent of the homes in the seven largest cities have at least one radio, has also been heavily impacted by this modern technological phenomenon, Elssy Bonilla de Ramos focuses on radio advertising as a means of characterizing the relationship between radio and the Colombian economic sector. She argues that private companies who own most of the country's stations and networks influence programming and advertising in order to widely promote products which they produce. She believes that in many cases these products are not necessary to the consumers'well-being but are advertised in a way to make them more desirable. The authorgives a brief history of commercial radio in Colombia during the last fifty years, stating that early in its development programming underwent significant changes in order to capture an expanded audience. Comedy, sports, news, soap operas, classical and popular music, and quiz shows soon dominated the airways to the exclusion of programming that could play a role in the political, social and economic development of the country. She contends that industries that owned radio were intent on training for consumption and she uses a week's sample of programming and advertising to illustrate her point.     

How consumers view advertising by optometrists

The purpose of this study were to determine: (a) consumers' attitudes toward advertising by optometrists; (b) which media consumers feel are appropriate for optometrists' advertising; and (c) whether consumers are aware of optometrists' advertisements and, if so, through which media. It was found that consumers indeed have a favorable attitude toward optometrists who advertise; that they find most media appropriate for optometrists' advertising; and that most consumers have encountered optometrists' advertisements, especially through radio, television and billboards.     

市场的社会建构与行动者的逻辑：对上海电视剧市场的研究

近年来,随着中国经济社会结构的快速转型,广播电视制度也正在经历着快速变迁,促使电视剧的制作、交易与播映等日趋市场化。面对来自政治和社会的双重作用,围绕电视剧及其运作过程中的不确定性,参与其中的制片公司、电视台以及政府管理部门都试图策略性地主导权力关系的运作。区别于以往“网络结构分析”与“政治文化分析”的市场社会学传统,本文引入了“行动者分析”的视角,将市场视为一种不同行动者参与的社会建构过程。通过分析上海电视剧市场运作的实证资料,本文阐明了行动者的策略性行动及其身处的结构性制约,并对市场秩序的建构性与变动性特征进行了讨论。     

From Bawdyhouse to Cabaret: The Evolution of the Tango as an Expression of Argentine Popular Culture

While most readers will be generally familiar with the tango, few of us know very much about its fascinating history and evolution. Deborah Jakubs makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of this initially working-class cultural form, which was at first disdained and then appropriated by the Argentine middle and upper classes. She traces its origins in the lower class neighborhoods on the outskirts of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, its exportation to major European cultural centers, and finally its repatriation to Argentina where it has become a symbol of tradition and national identity. The author ably leads us through the maze of studies that historians, sociologists, musicologists and others have generated over the last hundred years. She examines some of the tango's principal themes in order to delineate its cultural significance within Argentine society in general and within Buenos Aires in particular. We come away from this article much more cognizant of how a popular cultural form can function in the formation of a nation's identity.     

Roasting Donald Duck: Alternative Comics and Photonovels in Latin America

A corollary of dependency theory, which has enjoyed considerable popularity among social scientists in the last fifteen years, is the notion of cultural imperialism. Simply stated, the theory holds that countries with global economic dominance reinforce their hegemonic relationship with lesser developed countries through the manipulation of mass media such as television, radio, film and comic books. A number of radical critiques of Latin America mass media have appeared in response to this perceived relationship. In her article, Cornelia Butler Flora examines several Latin American comic books and photonovels which were created as alternatives to commercial controlled media forms. For example, in Chile during the short-lived presidency of Salvador Allende (1970–1973), the government publishing house Quimanto brought together artists and communications specialists to produce comic books which would serve as the socialist answer to Donald Duck andbther publications that were seen as purveyors of caplitalist values. Flora also draws on other examplles of comic books and photonovels from Mexico, Ecuador and Peru.     

与影视共舞的20世纪90年代的北京文学——兼论京味文学第四波

本文拟以北京文学为个案考察 2 0世纪 90年代文学与媒介的关系。认为以 2 0世纪 90年代初北京三部电视剧为转折点 ,影视媒介的兴起予以文学以深远影响。这具体表现在 ,文学借影视而复苏、促进艺术潮转向、实现自我重构 ,同时还促成京味文学第四波。这一个案研究证明 ,媒介的变化必然地影响文学在地位、语言形态、审美方式、人物形象、文化类型等方面的全面变化。     

Viktor Shklovskii: Reminiscences About the Future

I ask Viktor Borisovich Shklovskii:

"We have learned that TV has assigned the movie director Rezo Chkheidze, who did the well-known film The Father of a Soldier, to make a seven-part television film of Don Quixote. What made it necessary just now to film this famous work, which will soon be 400 years old, and specifically in our country?"     

Political information,gender and the vote: the differential impact of organizations,personal discussion,and the media on the electoral decisions of women and men

Although there are many demonstrated ways in which men and women approach politics differently, we know very little about how sources of political information, e.g., mass media, political organizations, differentially influence the vote choices of men and women. Using a rich, contextual dataset containing measures not only of respondent perceptions of political information, but actual content coding of those sources of political information, we estimate how television, newspapers, personal discussants, organizations, and political parties may have impacted the voting of men and women in the 1992 U.S. presidential election. We find that women’s vote choices are more likely than men’s to be influenced by the organizations to which they belong. Women are also more likely to respond to television news with a hostile media bias—they see television newscasts as definitively favoring the candidate that they oppose. We address possible explanations for these patterns of results and point towards directions for additional research.     

播音主持专业学生就业现状引发的思考

广播电视业的迅猛发展,带动了与之相关的热门专业的兴起,播音与主持专业热便是其中之一。然而在盲目的大热之后面临的却是就业的冷门。播音主持专业学生就业总体供大于求的现状,使在激烈的竞争形势下播音主持专业应在教学培养模式方面进行改良,并以提高学生与实践接轨能力为目标,从教学思路和教学手段方面做出具体的改良措施。     

His Master's Voice: Television in Argentina. A Case Study of Cultural Penetration

While Flora's article deals with alternatives developed by Latin American governments to offset the impact of cultural penetration by developed countries, Edmond Rogoff presents us with a case study of such penetration. He examines the extent of United States originated programs in the metropolitan Buenos Aires area during four recent weeks. Only briefly (1968–1972) during the last twenty-five years has Argentine television programming been free from domination by foreign—mainly United States—material. Currently, virtually every time slot is filled with American-made programs of 1960 or 1970 vintage or with feature films imported from this country. While Rogoff declines to deal with the consequences of such mass importation of programs, he does provide us with valuable specific data which seems to corroborate the cultural imperialism thesis elaborated by Armand and Michelle Matterlart, Kaarle Nordenstreng, Herbert Schiller and others.     

Slanted Objectivity? Perceived Media Bias,Cable News Exposure,and Political Attitudes*

Objectives. This research explores the consequences of a fragmented television news audience. The recent proliferation of a wide array of television news sources has influenced the manner in which a large number of Americans get their information about politics and government. The political consequences of media fragmentation and the polarization of the U.S. television news audience are explored. Methods. I analyze data on television news‐gathering habits and political attitudes collected from several surveys conducted by the Pew Research Center during the 2004 presidential election campaign. Results. The Fox News Channel has been the main beneficiary of television news fragmentation by appealing to those individuals who have become disillusioned with what they perceive as a liberally‐biased mainstream media. The findings show that the Fox News audience has a distinct set of political attitudes regarding President Bush and his opposition. Evidence also indicates that the Fox News audience has distinct voting behavior patterns, even when controlling for party identification. Finally, the results illustrate that Fox News watchers have perceptions of political reality that differ from the rest of the television news audience. Conclusions. The television news audience is divided along political lines. This division could contribute toward further political polarization among the U.S. mass public as the content of television news coverage of politics becomes less and less homogenized.     

象征差异与权力:试论布迪厄的象征支配理论

本文对布迪厄的文化支配理论进行了较为详尽的考察。布迪厄指出,象征差异以间接的方式从属于它们所表达与改变的经济差异。而且在象征体系内,上层阶级的生活方式总是占据支配性地位,并作为一种合法品味被广泛用来对下层阶级实施“象征暴力”。象征差异体现了一种等级关系和权力关系。布迪厄的文化（象征）支配理论不仅对我们理解文化在社会结构（各种支配关系和不平等关系）的生产与再生产过程中的重要作用有很大的帮助,而且也为我们剖析以各种不同形式影响和制约人类知觉、判断及行为的无形的权力作用,即“文化支配（象征支配）”的机制提供了全新的视角。     

影视中的跨文化传播

影视既是现代化的大众传播媒介,又是具有巨大影响力的大众艺术,它已经成为我们时代的重要文化现象,是影响亿万人精神文化生活的重要艺术。其中,译制片是人类跨文化传播在现代社会的集中表现,是跨文化传播的结晶。     

"Mapping the New Mental World Created by Radio": Media Messages, Cultural Politics, and Cantril and Allport's The Psychology of Radio

During the 1930s a number of interesting critiques of science and society emerged in the social sciences in general, and in psychology in particular. One example of this trend is The Psychology of Radio (1935), authored by Harvard psychologist Gordon Allport and his former student Hadley Cantril. The book, which was intended for both professional and lay audiences, sought to open discussion on the effects of the pervasive presence of radio, and to throw into relief the political, cultural, and economic contexts in which this new form of mass communication was embedded.     

冲突律及冲突缺失与对策——兼论国产电影电视剧现实题材作品的创作

没有冲突就没有戏剧,这是颠扑不破的艺术规律。近年来国产电影电视剧现实题材影视作品创作量趋于减少,作品中明显出现冲突缺失的现象,收视率降低,艺术水准提升缓慢,难以与国际化的电影电视剧市场接轨并形成良性竞争。这种局面的形成有多方面因素,主要是出于政治与商业风险考虑过多,深层原因是影视管理层和观众层"文以载道"思想仍然根深蒂固,影视艺术尚未实现纯粹娱乐性功能。     

Negotiating needletime: the Musicians’ Union,the BBC and the record companies,c. 1920–1990

This article examines an important, but hitherto largely overlooked, licensing system which operated in the UK between the late 1920s and late 1980s and limited the amount of recorded music that broadcasters could use in radio progammes. Known as ‘needletime’ the system was formalized in the 1930s when the BBC reached a collective agreement with the UK’s record companies – here acting via the copyright licensing society Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL) – about the amount of records that it could play. Drawing on previously unused materials, the article provides a revisionist account of the development of needletime, focusing on the actions of a third party, the Musicians’ Union (MU). As is shown, the MU was able to exercise influence on both camps and thus to have a profound impact on the development of music radio and the wider music industries in the UK. Previous accounts of needletime are critiqued and it is suggested that, while it was accused of operating ‘restrictive practices’, the MU’s role can be seen more as an attempt to ensure that the suitably remunerated employment of musicians was as widespread as possible. Needletime emerges as perhaps the key agreement thus far within the UK’s music industries’ industrial relations.     

Traces of Defeat

The state monopoly over television, turning it into a vehicle of total propaganda, has over the course of time changed the structure of public and information space in Russia. Although television undoubtedly continues to occupy the dominant place in the structure of information sources, trust in the quality of broadcasts has declined sharply in recent years. As a result of the regime's efforts, the public sphere has been thoroughly sterilized. Opportunities for the representation of group interests and exchange of information have grown increasingly limited. The Russian public is once again subject to an institutional fear that goes back to Soviet times, a condition that is likely to have severe and prolonged consequences.     

Film,Television and Traditional Folk Culture in Bye Bye Brasil1

Brazilian Cinema Novo [New Cinema] has produced a number of films that have circulated in the United States but perhaps the most familiar to American audiences is Carlos Diegues' Bye Bye Brasil (1980). In his article, Randal Johnson focuses on this film which presents Brazil as a country in a process of rapid transformation, an agro-pastoral economy giving way to rapid industrialization. He notes that “running throughout [the work] is a subtext which constitutes a good-humored yet critical retrospective of the trajectory of Brazilian cinema over the last twenty years and its relationship to other conscious-forming media, notably television.” Johnson examines this subject as well as the complex relationship between cinema, television and popular culture as developed through the device of the Caravana Rolidei, a small-time circus troupe. Each of its characters represents a different aspect of contemporary Brazilian society, and the film as a whole presents the panoply of Brazilian culture, a mixture of elements from diverse sources, both foreign and domestic. Randal Johnson teaches literature and film at the University of Florida. He is the co-author of Brazilian Cinema (1982).     

The Colombian pension system after the reform of 1994: An evaluation

The Colombian pension reform of 1994 introduced a privately administered defined–contribution programme, which coexists with a reformed public defined–benefit programme. This paper gives an overview of the Colombian pension system and evaluates its performance using four criteria: (1) effectiveness, (2) efficiency, (3) equity, and (4) sustainability, finding evidence of severe shortcomings. Both effective coverage and benefit levels are low, costs in the private programme are high, and there is evidence that insured persons are not fully informed about the actual system. The system is inequitable and the uninsured population bears part of the financial burden. The public programme is financially not sustainable. A current reform proposal from the Colombian government addresses only part of the problem.     

低年级农民工子女团体社会工作介入的互动模式初探——以厦门市C小学社会工作实习为例

本文以在厦门市C小学的社会工作实习为例,探讨互动模式下的农民工子弟学校团体社会工作介入策略的有效性及其有待解决的困难。在此次团体介入的实践中发现互动模式下的低年级农民工子弟团体介入不仅有助于建立良好的专业关系,并且能够有效改善农民工子女间的同伴关系,对儿童后期的社会化起积极影响。