民俗学视阈下的语俗别同与族群差异

语俗是民间社会约定俗成并广为习用的、涵化着丰富习俗文化内涵的特殊语言形态。这种形态的语言往往为特定的族群或区域集体所认同而与其它的族群或区域相异别,具有独特的个性特征与鲜明的族群象征意义,是研究族群和族群话语的重要途径。于此,本文尝试将语言和族群这两种不同人类文化形态置于共同的民俗背景下进行观照,考察不同族群语俗的彼此差异与个性特征,挖掘其背后深层次的族群文化心理,并进一步探讨民俗语言在族群认同构建中的重要作用。     

族际互动下族群关系的调查研究——以宁夏回族自治区灵武市宁东镇回汉关系为例

随着全球化与现代化进程加快,族际间的互动正变得十分频繁。作为宁夏的工业开发区,宁东地区的族群关系有其突出的特点。以宁夏回族自治区灵武市宁东镇的回汉关系为个案,对族群关系进行调查研究,旨在了解该地族际互动下的族群关系。从民族社会学角度看,研究族际互动下的族群关系,就不得不提到族际通婚、族际迁移、族际冲突等诸多问题。     

美国族群问题及其破解对策

美国是一个多族群的国家,族群之间的矛盾和斗争充斥着整个美国历史发展过程。"二战"之后,特别是20世纪80年代以来,由于白人至上主义和极右思潮的抬头,美国族群关系更趋于紧张。然而,在前苏联、南斯拉夫这些多族群国家解体的后冷战时代,美国却能够保持相对稳定的族群关系。这主要得益于其不断完善的法律制度、多元与一体的相对平衡,以及不断改进的社会保障制度等因素。由于美国族群政策是建立在资本主义私有制基础之上的,具有不可避免的局限性,因而对美国的族群政策应重于研究、分析,慎于借鉴。     

原生论与建构论:当代西方的两种族群认同理论

西方的族群研究文献甚多,人类学、社会学和政治学都有涉及。归纳起来,关于族群认同的理论大致可分为"原生论"与"建构论"两种,这两种理论的分野也造就了当代西方族群研究以及相关问题研究的分殊。"原生论"强调族群认同的定在、稳固和持续。"建构论"则反对固定、僵化的族群认同理论,认为族群认同是建构的、流动的,并随着特定的政治、经济和社会过程而改变。尽管一直存在争论,但二者其实是从不同角度揭示了族群认同的属性,因此,从综合的角度来看此问题应该更为妥当。     

族群分裂与宗教冲突:欧洲多元文化主义面临严峻挑战

多元文化主义是西方国家20世纪60年代以来面对多样性的族群、语言、文化和宗教的矛盾而实施的一项成功的社会政策。进入21世纪以来,由于穆斯林移民在欧洲,特别是西欧国家的迅速增长而导致的欧洲伊斯兰化的担忧加剧,国际上反恐政策诱发的欧洲国家,特别是西欧国家内的穆斯林族群与主流族群的分裂以及穆斯林移民的伊斯兰教文化与基督教文化的冲突,对当代欧洲多元文化主义政策构成了前所未有的严峻挑战。尽管西欧各国政要纷纷抨击并宣布放弃多元文化主义政策,但实际上,完全放弃多元文化主义、重新恢复到同化的单一社会政策已几无可能,新型的多元文化主义是实现欧洲国家族群和谐、宗教文化共荣的唯一路径。     

美国少数族群传媒关于族群和国家认同的研究

美国学者对少数族群传媒的研究表明，少数族群传媒具有促进族群与国家双重认同的特点，对族群文化的认同不等同于对移民来源国的政治认同。当然美国学者有关研究也存在不足，只有公平、公正、包容地对待少数族群传媒，才能减少传媒与政府的矛盾，才能促进少数族群融入主流社会，增强对国家的认同。     

互联网族群文化:兴起、认同与延展

互联网族群文化作为一种亚网络文化现象,对人类生存空间产生了一定辐射和影响。这种文化现象是研究网络文化的一个全新视域,具有不容小觑的现实文化价值。互联网族群化现象的兴起与涌现,反映了社会发展中人的现代性的多元化。在互联网空间内的各类互联网族群,其行为不单是一种社会现象,更是一种文化现象。作为一种新的社会交往场域,互联网族群提供了一个全新的社会场景给现实社会中的人们选择,它是比社会空间更加合乎心意的交往空间。在这种交往空间中,虚拟生存投射和延伸了现实生存。通过网上与网下的联动,充实精神生活、提升精神境界,实现虚拟与现实的"和谐互动",进而实现良性循环的"虚实共生"。     

新制度主义： 理论评述及其对组织研究的贡献

制度研究是当前国际社会科学界研究的热点，其主要研究领域涉及到政治学、社会学、心理学和管理学等。在20世纪70年代，组织被引入制度研究领域，并且获得了学术界广泛的关注。本文系统回顾了制度研究的发展历程，对新制度主义及其对组织研究的贡献进行评述。     

联合国国民账户体系族群的结构与逻辑

联合国向世界各国推荐的《国民账户体系》(SNA)是世界各国制定适合本国国情的国民经济核算体系的蓝本,是其他核算体系的"根"或"源",其发展和演化深刻地影响着其他核算体系。为推进国民账户体系在实践中的广泛应用,保证各国核算结果的可比,特别是不同领域核算结果的有效性和一致性,联合国统计委员会联合相关国际组织和其他统计机构编制了系列统计体系,形成了以SNA为核心的国民账户体系族群。这一族群内容丰富、结构庞大。其基本逻辑是:SNA为纲,操作手册为目,举一纲而张全目;阐释、应用、拓展层层递进,互为补充。随着经济活动的日趋复杂和细化,国民经济核算实践中的具体问题会越来越多,国民经济核算理论会向更广、更深、更细方向延伸发展,国民账户体系族群的成员会不断增多,族群的规模也将越来越大。     

台湾族群政治分析

"族群"本是基于生理特质和文化传袭而形成的"原生性"社会群体,但台湾当今的"四大族群"却有着强烈的政治学和人为建构性色彩。这种政治性和建构性导源于台湾特殊的历史以及因此而形成的二元政治、社会结构,并集中体现在台湾大小选举政党对族群的刻意操纵中。族群问题发展至今已经成为影响台湾岛内政治和社会生活的重要因素,它使台湾社会逐步撕裂为"两分"社会,并使台湾的所谓"民主政治"蒙羞;同时,因为族群认同与国家认同有着密切关系,族群问题也成为"台独"势力着力利用以达其分裂祖国目的的重要工具。     

Addressing Ethnicity in Social Care Research

This article surveys recent developments in relation to the dimensions of ethnicity and ethnic disadvantage in social policy research and practice, with a focus on social care. While there has been limited increase in attention to ethnicity within general policy discussion and increasing sophistication within specialist debates, advances in theory and methodology have largely failed to penetrate the research mainstream, let alone policy or practice. This is a long‐standing problem. We advocate more focused consideration of ethnicity and ethnic disadvantage at all levels. Failure to do so creates the risk of social policy research being left behind in understanding rapid changes in ethnic minority demographics and patterns of migration, with increasing disadvantage to minorities.     

西方情感社会学理论的发展脉络

西方情感社会学理论的历史演进过程可以分为形成、发展和成熟三个阶段。形成时期虽然理性主义占统治地位，但与此同时情感的研究颇有步步为营之势，非理性主义思潮也偶露峥嵘。在情感社会学发展时期，社会危机论、情欲革命论、批判理论、冲突论成为情感研究的主流导向和强势声音；成熟阶段的情感社会学研究朝着学科化和现实化两个方向发展。情感社会学的发展脉络呈现出五大特征（或五大态势）。     

The Greater Complexity of Lived Race: An Extension of Harris and Sim*

Objectives. Harris and Sim (2002) recently demonstrated the complexity of lived race by exploring patterns of racial self‐identification. They raised important sociological questions about the role of context in racial self‐identification, but offered an incomplete picture of ethnic fluidity by excluding Hispanics from their analyses. We address this limitation with data on Hispanics from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Methods. Our social‐psychological approach, using compositional analysis, focuses on the lived experience of race and ethnicity as qualitatively similar conceptual categories. Results. Informed by the cognitive process of social categorization, we find that considerably more individuals show fluidity in racial and ethnic self‐identification across contexts than suggested by Harris and Sim. Conclusions. Harris and Sim's thesis is even more strongly supported by these findings than in their original analysis, and our findings reinforce their challenge to the assumed stability of racial and ethnic measurement in sociology. We conclude by proposing a change in the measurement of race/ethnicity in America.     

The implications of different ethnicity categorisation methods for understanding outcomes and developing policy in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Identifying with more than one ethnicity is becoming increasingly common in New Zealand. It is therefore important that the methods of categorising ethnicity used by government agencies and researchers effectively account for diverse ethnic identities. The aim of this research was to assess the impact of using different methods of categorising ethnicity on understanding outcomes in New Zealand, using Census 2013 information about tobacco smoking among the population aged 15+ years as an illustration. Prioritised, total response and single/combination categorisation methods were compared. Prioritised and total response categorisation generally produced similar prevalence estimates and patterns for smoking status, although estimates diverged somewhat for Māori ethnic groups and to a lesser extent for Pacific Peoples and Asian ethnic groups. Single/combination categorisation indicated that combination ethnic groups tend to have smoking outcomes between those of the constituent groups. Categorisation method had a considerable impact on the size of some ethnic groups. Prioritised ethnicity categorisation may be inappropriate for use by government agencies and for policy-relevant research principally concerned with children, young people, Māori or Pacific Peoples. Single/combination categorisation is useful for understanding the associations between ethnicity and outcomes, however previous work suggests this method should be used with caution.     

Variations in the Life Histories of Incarcerated Parents by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Service Provision

ABSTRACT

Incarcerated parents have complex life histories that often remain unresolved during incarceration, can continue to create barriers to prosocial success on release, and present similar intergenerational challenges for their children. This study examines the life histories of incarcerated fathers and mothers from the Pacific Northwest and how their experiences vary based on race and ethnicity. Five areas examined were exposure to trauma, child welfare involvement, mental health and substance abuse problems, juvenile justice and adult criminal justice involvement, and intergenerational criminal justice involvement. The sample comprised 359 incarcerated parents, and their racial/ethnic composition was 59% White, 14% African American, 11% multiracial, 8% Native American, and 7% Latino. Few differences were found across racial and ethnic groups. Mothers appeared more similar to each other across groups than fathers. Results illustrated similarities yet some surprising differences with national trends on key study variables. Implications for future research and intervention and prevention are discussed.     

Ethnicity and Occupational Pension Membership in the UK

Reflecting a relatively low‐value Basic State Pension, occupational pensions have historically been a key aspect of pension protection within Britain. Existing research shows that minority ethnic groups are less likely to benefit from such pensions and are more likely to face poverty in later life, as a result of the interaction of their labour market participation and pension membership patterns. However, the lack of adequate data on ethnic minorities has so far prevented the direct comparison of different ethnic groups, as well as their comparison to the White British group. Using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, this article explores patterns of employment and the odds ratios of membership in an employer's pension scheme among working‐age individuals from minority ethnic groups and the White British population, taking into account factors not used by previous research, such as one's migration history and sector of employment (public/private). The analysis provides new empirical evidence confirming that ethnicity remains a strong determinant of one's pension protection prospects through being in paid work, being an employee and working for an employer who offers a pension scheme. However, once an individual is working for an employer offering a pension scheme, the effect of ethnicity on that person's odds of being a member of that scheme reduces, except among Pakistani and Bangladeshi individuals for whom the differentials remain. The article also provides evidence on the pension protection of Polish individuals, a relatively ‘new’ minority group in the UK.     

Group Work with Families

Family practice is a special case of social work with groups. This practice especially requires an ethnic and multicultural perspective. Such a framework is presented in this paper with focus on group work with families in Singapore. Singapore is an economically developed East Asian nation populated predominately by three ethnic groups: Chinese, Malay, and Indian. These groups have experienced a wider culture in transition, affecting their family group culture. Through use of the sensitizing conceptual frameworks of family cultural reality and value orientation theory, this paper presents a multicultural perspective and applies it to group work with families in Singapore. The framework used is deemed applicable to practice with the family and other small groups in similar multicultural contexts wherein members experience the effects of swift social change.     

A Kaupapa Māori,culturally progressive,narrative review of literature on sport,ethnicity and inclusion

ABSTRACT

This Kaupapa Māori narrative review identifies themes in literature concerning sport, ethnicity and inclusion, from an indigenous ‘culturally progressive’ perspective. Scholars suggest that sport influences national identity and in Aotearoa/New Zealand, rugby is a rich site for examining such connections. Inclusiveness within sport is an expressed desire, although the academic scrutiny on this is limited. This study identifies and examines themes within literature (2008–2017), using a ‘Ngā Poutama Whetū’ culturally progressive review process, contributing nuanced understandings from the content. Results suggest that racist othering, representations and practices of ethnic minority exclusion are a reality in sport, although, locally, at least, the ‘cultural climate’ in sport strives for greater ethnic inclusivity. Conclusions suggest that current research in this domain is largely theoretical, insofar as challenges to organisations, power and privilege. However, future research should explore participants’ lived experiences at the intersections of ethnicity and inclusion in sport.