高层管理者A型性格、社会支持对其幸福感的影响

本研究对全国21个省市的303名高层管理者进行了调查。结果显示,A型性格对幸福感的主效应显著;社会支持对幸福感的主效应非常显著,不同类型的社会支持对各幸福因子的效应各不相同;主观支持和客观支持对“生活满意度”存在着显著的直接影响,但主观支持的影响相对更大;支持利用、主观支持和A型性格对“总体情感”具有显著的直接影响,但“支持利用”的影响相对最为显著。     

企业高层管理者内部冲突和解决策略的实证研究

根据对企业高层管理者的调查结果,分析了高层管理者传记性特征、工作压力及情绪和认知冲突之间的关系。研究发现,随着年龄的增加,高层管理者体验到的工作压力会逐渐减少;学历越高,体验到的认知冲突越多;情绪冲突的增多也会引起认知冲突的增加;工作压力的大小与认知冲突呈正相关关系。另外,高层管理者重视以整合的方式解决冲突,其次也会选择竞争的方式处理冲突。     

不道德行为在组织管理中的“涓滴”效应

基于“涓滴”效应框架和社会学习理论,本文构建一个“高层领导者—中层领导者—基层员工”逐级影响的多层次有调节的中介模型,检验不道德行为的“涓滴”效应。针对某高新技术产业园区的企业,收集了87个团队共450名员工的多时点上下级追踪配对数据。研究表明：高层领导者不道德行为对中层领导者不道德行为存在显著的正向影响,中层领导者不道德行为对基层员工工作场所偏离存在显著的正向影响;中层领导者不道德行为在高层领导者不道德行为影响基层员工工作场所偏离的过程中起中介作用;上下级社会交换正向调节了下属的学习效果。本文丰富了不道德行为在组织中的传播机制研究,同时也启示领导者“以身作则”式管理的重要性。最后,讨论了贡献、局限和有待进一步研究的问题。     

环境不确定性、企业高层管理者社会资本与企业绩效关系的实证研究

在对来自中国企业的438份有效问卷进行调查,以及对14位中国企业的高层管理者开展深度访谈的基础上,研究了企业高层管理者社会资本与企业绩效的关系,以及环境不确定性在两者关系间的权变作用。研究结果表明,企业高层管理者社会资本分成市场社会资本和非市场社会资本2种,这2种社会资本都会显著提高企业绩效。随着外部环境复杂程度越来越高,企业高层管理者非市场社会资本对企业绩效的正影响越来越显著;随着外部环境动荡程度越来越高,高层管理者市场社会资本对企业绩效的正影响越来越显著。此研究结论不仅通过实证检验了企业高层管理者对企业绩效的积极作用,拓宽了现有的战略管理体系对其作用的认识,而且有助于解决中国企业高层管理者的现实困惑。     

研发/制造/营销跨职能整合与新产品开发：产品创新性的差异效应研究

本文考察了研发/制造/营销跨职能整合的前端驱动要素及跨职能整合对新产品开发绩效的提升机制。结果表明：联合创新激励、高层管理者支持、产品开发正式化和产品开发动态性是增强跨职能整合有效性的重要前因变量,跨职能整合提升了产品线协同和新产品开发绩效,产品线协同和新产品开发有助于增加企业市场绩效,而产品创新战略则在以上路径关系间发挥了差异效应影响。当企业开发低创新性产品时,高层管理者支持和产品开发正式化对跨职能整合的驱动效应以及产品线协同对企业市场绩效的促进作用要更大,而当企业开发高创新性产品时,联合创新激励和产品开发动态性对跨职能整合的正向影响以及研发/制造/营销跨职能整合对产品线协同和新产品开发绩效的驱动效应则更为显著。     

中小民营企业基层员工工作压力与工作满意度的实证研究

以中小民营企业基层员工为研究对象,通过相关量表对其工作压力和工作满意度关系进行调查研究。结果表明:教育程度和职能部门在工作压力上差异显著;职能部门在工作满意度上差异显著。角色认知压力、职业发展压力、组织因素和人际关系压力与整体工作满意度显著负相关;组织因素、人际关系压力、职业发展和社会因素对工作满意度具有预测作用。     

绩效压力对员工幸福感的“双刃剑”效应

作为一种日益普遍的职场压力源,绩效压力逐渐成为组织行为学领域的研究热点。本文基于工作条件-情绪-幸福感模型,构建了一个被调节的中介模型以考察绩效压力对员工工作与生活幸福感的“双刃剑”影响机制及边界条件。本文采用经验取样法,对72名研发人员进行为期10个工作日的日记追踪,并通过多层线性模型进行数据分析。研究结果表明：一方面,绩效压力会诱发员工消极情绪,削弱工作和生活幸福感,另一方面也会激发员工积极情绪,提升工作和生活幸福感;每日授权型领导对绩效压力的“伤”刃路径有显著的调节作用。以上结果拓展了学术界对绩效压力研究内容和视角的认识,并为管理者如何有效规避绩效压力的“伤”刃效应提供新的启示。     

高职学生手机成瘾倾向与认知情绪调节的关系：压力水平的中介作用

为探讨高职学生手机成瘾倾向与认知情绪调节的关系,以及压力水平在其中的中介作用,笔者采用大学生手机成瘾倾向量表、认知情绪调节量表、大学生心理压力量表,对971名大学生进行了测量。研究结果表明：积极情绪认知、认知情绪调节两变量均能显著负向预测压力水平和手机成瘾倾向;压力水平显著正向预测手机依赖;压力水平在积极情绪认知、认知情绪调节与手机成瘾倾向之间的部分中介效应显著。     

新冠肺炎疫情期间医学生知觉压力状况、应对方式和领悟社会支持的关系——以福建省为例

采用简易应对方式量表、领悟社会支持量表、知觉心理压力量表,对福建省某医学院校的1075名医学生展开调查,以了解新冠肺炎疫情期间知觉压力特点及其应对方式、领悟社会支持之间的关系。结果发现,疫情期间医学生总体知觉到的压力状况处于正常水平。医学生积极应对方式和家庭支持能够显著负向预测所知觉到的压力,消极应对方式显著正向预测所知觉到的压力。疫情期间心理健康教育重点应放在应对方式指导和加强家庭支持上,重点关注女生及独生子女。     

温州城市居民幸福感现状调查

目的:探讨温州城市居民幸福感水平。方法:采用幸福感量表、领悟社会支持量表和大五人格量表对近1000名温州城市居民进行调查。结果:(1)温州城市居民幸福感在教育程度、职业类型和年龄上差异显著。(2)幸福感与社会支持有显著的正相关。结论:温州城市居民幸福感水平较高,年龄、职业、教育、社会支持均对温州城市居民的幸福感有影响。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.