海明威式的英雄神话与生态伦理困惑

海明威在他的作品中塑造了一个个硬汉故事,尤其是<老人与海>中的圣地亚哥像英雄神话一样深深根植于我们心中.然而,理性反思后,我们发现这些硬汉在现实中的悲凉与无奈:他们都是精神不败但一无所获的硬汉.探究其原因,我们了解到海明威的人类中心主义的生命价值取向与他者的生存权利之间,构成了他在生态伦理问题上的思想冲突和内心困感.     

Ethical Issues Involved in the Rights of Human Clones and Claims to These Rights: A Discussion with Mr. Gan Shaoping

尽管人们可以通过克隆技术复制出具有大致相同遗传基因的自然生命体,却无法复制出人自身。每一个人都有其独特的人格与尊严。人类关注克隆人权利问题,是在主体及其自由存在的权利、在人类社会对于生命平等关爱及代际正义感表达意义上而言,而不是在克隆人对于自身自然基质、出身及其选择要求的权利意义上而言。人类既无须通过神秘性为自已的尊严辩护,亦无须借助于他物为自己寻求尊严的依据。人的尊严在于平等的自由及其实现。     

哲学论

哲学是什么?从本质上说,哲学乃是展示人类精神发展的可能性选择之探索。哲学研究人自身、研究生命,是对下一个时代人类精神内涵的探索。每一个时代都萌发自己特有的“夷、希、微”。它们是无状之状、无物之象。由这种无呈现规定性,成为有。这就是人类精神的未来形态,或者说它是行进着的精神之必然风貌。 因此,仅仅指出哲学的主题是人的生命,是不够的。它不研究生命的自然过程,它不是生物学,也不是心理学,它研究的是生命的涵义、所应做出的选择与开拓,由此而应具有的规定性、规范,以及由无而悟到的应有──设定。哲学研究纯进化,是为了创化,…     

卢梭的生态自然观

卢梭对启蒙运动的科学主义自然观进行了深入批判,认为自然具有与人类幸福密不可分的审美价值和道德价值,自然万物尤其是具有感觉力的生命还具有独立于人类的价值和权利,因而内在地值得人类的尊重。卢梭的生态自然观应该成为当代生态学运动的重要理论来源。     

雪域高原的审美沉思——马丽华与她的西藏写作

马丽华以她自然的女性身份与女性对自然强烈认同的态度，感悟西藏，思考西藏，以其细腻的笔墨为我们描绘了一个洋溢着自然之美与审美感悟的，以其自然精神为生命核心的西藏人生。西藏是神秘而神奇、崇高而伟岸的，它见证着人类与自然漫长而相辅相成的历史，它亲历了人类在自然中的辉煌而     

文学如何超越现实生存——从贾平凹十余年来的长篇小说谈起

新时期以来文学经历了一个从审美、审丑到“溢恶”的转化,这一转化既是当代人审美意识的转变在文学上的集中体现,也是作家生命本体的内在需要,同时与市场的需要和大众的欣赏趣味密切相关。文学沉溺于现实生存、难以完成精神超越的现象已经引起评论界的广泛关注。以贾平凹近十余年来的长篇小说创作为例,对这一现象进行深刻的反思,认为文学是高于生活的,作家只有自觉承担起启蒙者的神圣职责,甘当人类精神的守望者,才能在创作中完成生命主体精神和审美的超越。     

中国经典教育理念的传承与创新——关于教与学理念的思考

经典教育总是伴随着人的生命和灵感在闪烁,当教师历经了岁月的磨难而又同心理的愉悦相交融,便催生了一些教育智慧。首先,传承经典教育的两个理念是传承和辩证。其一,人们把社会实践转化为知识（精神的和物质的）,由教师传授给后来人,是为传承;其二,传承经典教育的最好方法,就是唯物辩证法。其次,教之道和学之道融合的启示。《学记》所演绎的教之道和学之道,第一次把＂学＂字从教学中分离出来,＂学然后知不足,教然后知困＂实现了教与学的辩证统一。最后,经典教育的创新理念。对经典教育和历史文化遗产,不是原封不动的照抄、照搬,而是为了发展。一要创新理念,二要自我超越。传承与创新不仅是一个现实问题,也是一个哲学问题。     

重建文学与道德的新型美学关系

一、道德反思与道德体验 文学创作与道德探索虽然是两种不同的精神生活方式,但在人类精神生活领域具有相互促进的作用.也许正是基于此,理想主义者一方面试图通过文学的方式来达成道德教育的功能,另一方面又试图通过道德来规范人类情感的表现形式.然而,文学与道德之关系决非轻易即可构成内在和谐的.事实是:当文学过分受制于道德时,文学的生命表现会失去生活本身的感情力量;而当文学失去了道德的约束时,文学又会使人类的精神生活变得颓废,缺乏信心,没有灵性与希望.要想使文学真正能够自由地表现人类的生活和生命情感,展示人类的精神想象力,同时又能促进人类的道德生活,表现人类的高尚情杯,就必须从生活和创作本身出发,不断重建文学与道德的新型美学关系,即通过文学去探讨道德,确立新的生活秩序.文学与道德的美学关系具有无限的可能性,它永远不是确定不变的,而是自由开放的,它要求作家必须亲身去感受生活,体察生活的丰富性、复杂性,发现生活的美,创造生命的自由形式.     

电影《阿甘正传》与美国文化

美国影片《阿甘正传》中的主人公阿甘是一个小人物,以其仅有的75的智商,独自穿越了战后美国的风风雨雨,最终成为捕虾业的大亨。这部后现代主义影视作品通过对阿甘神奇故事的叙述,向人们展示了"美国精神",让阿甘这位诞生于银幕上的英雄形象,以永恒的笔触写下一部特殊的人类历史,也跑出一个普通人生命中一连串的生活奇迹,带给人们一种被希望和乐观所点燃的生命感悟。     

“性的人权宣言”评析

１９９７年在西班牙瓦伦西亚召开的第１３届世界性学大会上提出了一个“性的人权宣言” ,并于１９９９年在中国香港召开的第１４届世界性学大会上获得了通过。这个“宣言”提出 :“人类的性 ,是人们彼此间最深切联结的起源 ,也是个体、伴侣、家庭与社会健全的本质。因此 ,对性的人权的尊重必须通过一切方法来确保和发扬。”这个“宣言”还提出了性的人权包括自由的权利 ,对身体完整及安全的自主权利 ,性平等的权利 ,性健康的权利 ,获得充足、客观、正确的人类性资讯的权利 ,接受完整性教育的权利 ,自由结合的权利 ,作出自由及负责任的选择的…     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).