Her earnings: Exploring variation in wives’ earning contributions across six major Asian groups and Whites

Previous research on understanding race-ethnic differentials in employment and economic contributions by married women has primarily focused on Blacks, Hispanics, or Whites. This study investigates variations in wives’ earning contributions as measured by wives earnings as a proportion of total annual household earnings among six Asian groups, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese relative to native born non-Hispanic White. I disaggregate the six Asian groups by their ethnicity and nativity status. Using pooled data from 2009–2011 American Community Survey, the findings show significance of human capital, hours of paid labor market engagement and nativity status. There is strong and negative association between husbands’ human capital and labor supply with wives’ earning contributions suggesting near universality of male-breadwinner status. Notwithstanding the commonalities, there is significant intergroup diversity. While foreign born and native born Filipina wives despite their spouses’ reasonably high human capital and work hours, contribute one of the highest shares, the same cannot be said for the Asian Indians and Japanese. For foreign born Asian Indian and to some extent Japanese women, their high human capital is not translated to high earning contribution after controlling for husband’s human capital. Further, nativity status impacts groups differentially. Native born Vietnamese wives contribute the greatest. Overall, the findings underscore the relevance of employing multiple conceptual frameworks in understanding earning contributions of foreign and native born Asian wives belonging to the six Asian groups, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese.     

Women's employment patterns and occupational achievements

This paper suggests that employment patterns and occupational advancement are related: Those less extensively and less continuously employed will have less investment in human capital, fewer opportunities to move to higher positions in the occupational structure, and, consequently, less gain in occupational rewards over the work life. Here National Longitudinal Survey data for women 30 to 44 years of age in 1967 are used to examine the effects of women's employment experience on their status gains from their career beginnings to 1971. A small but significant effect of employment experience on status gain is found for whites, but not for nonwhites.     

Life events and psychological well-being: A reexamination of theoretical and methodological issues

Longitudinal data, taken from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics, are used to examine the effect of specific life events on changes in psychological well-being. The paper deals with methodological criticisms raised against past research on life events and addresses several theoretical questions regarding the types of events that are most stressful. The findings indicate that a wide variety of events, including employment related events, residential moves, and household composition changes, are associated with negative changes in psychological well-being and that the context in which events occur is a major factor in determining their effect on psychological status.     

中国男性文人气质柔化的社会心理渊源及其文学表现

在中国传统社会中,独特的社会文化和社会心理结构导致了两性的性别刻板印象的同化——"柔化"。士大夫性格的"柔化"或曰"女性化"尤其明显地体现在中国古代文学中"温柔敦厚"气质的形成以及男性文人经常"作闺音"或为女性"代言"的文学现象上:这就是以"弃妇"和"妻妾"心态自拟的以男女比君臣的创作手法。这一现象蕴涵着深刻的社会心理因素,其根源就在于以宗法制度为基础的家国一体的社会政治结构,维持这一结构的支柱便是严密的等级秩序。理解了中国血缘纽带下的宗法制社会结构,我们就不难理解在强调君臣父子夫妻的伦理关系的社会/家国结构中,对男性的性别角色期望与对女性的期望往往有惊人的相似之处——要求处于弱势伦理关系中的臣子、儿子、妻子(妾)绝对服从其君、父和夫,因此我们也就不难理解为什么属于女性的弃妇情结与妻妾情结往往会出现在男性文人的诗文中,并成为男性文人作品一道婉约而优美的风景,进而成为中国文学有史以来最独特的亮点。     

“He Said, She Said”: Assessing Discrepancies in Husbands'' and Wives'' Reports on the Division of Household Labor

Using the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) data, the discrepancy in the husband's and wife's reports on household work is examined. I found that husbands tend to overestimate their own contribution (or wives underestimate the husbands' contribution), but wives do not. Husbands tend to overestimate (or wives underestimate) their wives' contribution to shopping and paying bills, suggesting the husbands' inefficiency to perform these tasks may bias their estimates. To examine various sources of the interspouse response discrepancy, multiple regression analyses are conducted. The relationship between the interspouse response discrepancy in the husband's household work time and the attitudinal variables suggests that our estimates are affected by social desirability. The relationship between the discrepancy in the wife's time and both spouses' family-role attitudes indicates that the resentment felt by each spouse in performing household work may bias their estimates in their own favor. The wife's perceived fairness is related to the interspouse discrepancy in the husband's relative share of household work. Length of marriage generally decreases the interspouse response discrepancy, suggesting that the knowledge each spouse has of each other is an important factor. Finally, various measures of the division of household labor utilizing one or two spouses' responses are regressed upon the same set of predictors. The husband's relative share, rather than each spouse's absolute time, and both spouses' combined estimate, rather than either spouse's, are better explained by the various predictors.     

从"红白玫瑰"看张爱玲对男性霸权文化观念的颠覆

作品主人公佟振保的生命里需要两种女人"圣洁的妻子"和"热烈的情妇",自己追求别人的女人,却由不得自己的女人不规矩,并以此作为男性自我认同和自我肯定的标志.男权文化贞淫观规范着女人"圣母"与"荡妇"的角色,为佟振保的"双重理想"提供了观念的支持和制度的保障,而情人王娇蕊,由放浪向人妻的转变、妻子孟烟鹏由贞洁向淫荡的转向,女性的贞淫不再泾渭分明,而是互为逆转,震裂了佟振保的性观念裂缝,暴露了男性霸权文化的自相矛盾性.     

内部与外部保障对无工作者就业意愿的影响研究 ——采用中国劳动力动态调查数据的异质性分析

无工作劳动力在无工作期间的生活保障既包括来自家庭外部的社会保险及政府救济等,也包括来自家庭内部的储蓄及资产收入等.由于信息不对称及道德风险的存在,外部保障可能引发"福利依赖"效应而降低无工作劳动力的就业意愿,也可能通过补贴工作搜寻成本而提高其就业意愿;而内部保障则会对无工作劳动力产生直接的就业压力,进而提高其就业意愿,...     

Money Isn't Everything: Wives' Earnings and Housework Time

The autonomy perspective of housework time predicts that wives' housework time falls steadily as their earnings rise, because wives use additional financial resources to outsource or forego time in housework. We argue, however, that wives' ability to reduce their housework varies by household task. That is, we expect that increases in wives' earnings will allow them to forego or outsource some tasks, but not others. As a result, we hypothesize more rapid declines in wives' housework time for low-earning wives as their earnings increase than for high-earning wives who have already stopped performing household tasks that are the easiest and cheapest to outsource or forego. Using fixed-effects models and data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find considerable support for our hypothesis. We further conclude that past evidence that wives who out-earn their husbands spend additional time in housework to compensate for their gender-deviant success in the labor market is due to the failure to account for the non-linear relationship between wives' absolute earnings and their housework time.     

略论唐代举子的家庭关系

文章探讨了唐代举子与父母、妻子儿女、兄弟姊妹和妻族的关系,认为:由于全家人聚焦科举,增强了家庭内部的凝聚力和向心力.但是孝亲观念和丧服制度牵制着举子的应考,部分妻子对举子施加精神压力、举子为了科考胜出不惜牺牲妻子和儿女的情感,夫妻之间长期分居,家庭在科举制度下也面临着新的挑战.     

互联网对家庭消费影响效应与机理研究

基于2016年中国家庭追踪调查的数据,探究互联网使用对于家庭消费影响效应和作用机制。结果表明：互联网的使用对于家庭消费有显著的促进作用,其中互联网的购物用途对于家庭消费的促进作用最为明显,工具变量回归也证明原结论是稳健的。在作用机理的探究中,发现家庭收入是互联网使用影响家庭消费的部分中介,即互联网通过增加收入进而提升了家庭的消费水平。最后,进行分样本回归,发现在城市、东部沿海等经济发达地区中,互联网的使用促进家庭消费的效果更为明显。     

Specialization and happiness in marriage: A U.S.–Japan comparison

This paper examines the relationship between specialization and happiness in marriage in the U.S. and Japan. Our findings, based on the General Social Surveys in the U.S. and Japan, indicate both similarities and differences in the determinants of marital happiness in the two countries. In the U.S., the findings are mixed. Women’s reported marital happiness in the U.S. is more likely to follow the predictions of the bargaining model where their happiness is determined by their own income. Men’s marital happiness in the U.S. follows the predictions of the specialization model; they are happier if their wives are not working or, alternatively, if they are financially dependent on their wives. In Japan, we find support for the specialization model, particularly in the case of women; they are happier if they are specialized in the household and they have a higher household income. Our research highlights how marital quality is affected by the institutional context and the normative environment.     

Employment among married female college graduates

This paper investigates the effect of attitudinal factors on the employment of white married female college graduates with and without children. A model of the employment status of these women 3 and 7 years after graduation is estimated using data from the NORC longitudinal study of 1961 college graduates. Taste for housework was found to affect the employment of nonmothers only, whereas “child care ideology” affected the employment of mothers. Husband's income had a negative effect on the wife's working both in 1964 and in 1968. Age of youngest child in 1964 had a positive, and number of children a negative, impact on a mother's working in 1964. The negative effect on employment status in 1968 of the birth of a child between 1964 and 1968 was much greater for those women for whom it was a first birth than for those who already had children.     

Single mother families and employment,race, and poverty in changing economic times

Using American Community Survey data from 2001, 2005, and 2010, this paper assesses the relationships between employment, race, and poverty for households headed by single women across different economic periods. While poverty rates rose dramatically among single-mother families between 2001 and 2010, surprisingly many racial disparities in poverty narrowed by the end of the decade. This was due to a greater increase in poverty among whites, although gaps between whites and Blacks, whites and Hispanics, and whites and American Indians remained quite large in 2010. All employment statuses were at higher risk of poverty in 2010 than 2001 and the risk increased most sharply for those employed part-time, the unemployed, and those not in the labor force. Given the concurrent increase in part-time employment and unemployment between 2000 and 2010, findings paint a bleak picture of the toll the last decade has had on the well being of single-mother families.     

Religion as resource: Religion and immigrant economic incorporation

Much of the immigration literature in the United States points toward a positive association between religious activity and immigrant economic adaptation. Immigrant congregations serve as informal job fairs, build social capital for entrepreneurial activity, and provide a locale for leadership skill development. Using the New Immigrant Survey, this hypothesis of religion as economic resource is tested among immigrants receiving permanent residency within the United States in 2003. Somewhat surprisingly, most findings indicate a null relationship between religion and economic outcomes (i.e. employment, occupation status, and earnings). However, in instances where a significant relationship does exist, non-Protestant immigrants suffer the greatest economic penalty, particularly among non-Protestants who are not regularly participating in a religious organization. In contrast, non-Protestants who regularly participate have a higher likelihood of employment and higher earnings than their non-participating counterparts. Therefore, this paper extends previous literature in specifying that the religion as resource hypothesis operates best for non-Protestant immigrants who are actively involved in their religious organizations.     

Gender,nonstandard schedules,and partnership quality in the UK: Exploring heterogeneous effects through a quasi-experiment

This study adopts a potential outcomes framework to explore how nonstandard schedules (i.e., employment during nights, evenings, and weekends) affect partnership quality (PQ). Competing theories of positive and negative selection are proposed based on the contention that there will be heterogeneous returns to partnerships from nonstandard schedules (in terms of penalties and benefits) that will depend on how and why partners have selected into these arrangements. Mahalanobis Distance Matching techniques are then employed to mimic blocked randomization, simulate potential outcomes and identify patterns of heterogeneous effects using a sample of 21,766 workers in co-resident partnerships included in the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2010–2017). Results indicate that after correcting for baseline selection, weekend work only negatively affects PQ for mothers, whilst nonstandard hours take their most negative effect on PQ when worked by women without children. Maternal nonstandard hour work, on the other hand, is shown to positively affect PQ. However, results suggest this positive effect may often be obscured by patterns of negative selection. That is, the mothers most commonly observed in nonstandard hours are in partnerships that stand to benefit the least. In contrast, consistent patterns of positive selection into both nonstandard days and hours are observed for men without children, demonstrating the centrality of bargaining power and household constraints for selection. Such findings highlight the need to consider complex and gendered processes of household and socioeconomic selection when studying the relationship between nonstandard schedules and outcomes relating to family cohesion.     

Inequality in the family: The institutional aspects of women’s earning contribution

This paper examines the effect of employment-supportive policies and arrangements on women’s economic contribution to their family. Using samples of working-age couples in 21 countries we employ multilevel modeling to separate the effects of household and country-level variables on earnings. We distinguish two types of relevant contextual factors: those that support women’s employment while preserving their domestic roles and those that potentially reduce intra-family economic inequalities by allowing women to allocate more of their time to paid employment. The findings suggest that all employment-supportive policies and arrangements increase women’s relative contribution to the household income through their effect on female labor force participation. Among dual-earner families, however, higher rates of childcare facilities increase women’s contribution, while long maternity leave and part-time employment decrease it. These tendencies are more pronounced among mothers.     

Gender Inequality and Economic Growth in Rural China

This article joins the debate over the effect of market-driven economic development on women's work opportunities and household gender inequalities. It assesses women's opportunities for off-farm employment, the relative contributions of female off-farm workers to household income, and the distribution of power in families whose male members have left for off-farm jobs, leaving women behind in agricultural work. We find that women are not uniformly excluded from opportunities for off-farm employment and that economic development does not uniformly increase gender inequalities within Chinese households. Although men are more likely than women to obtain off-farm employment in China, women's opportunities for off-farm work improve significantly when the coexistence of local and regional marketization creates a shortage of male workers and compels employers to hire women. The relative size of contributions to household income for male and female nonfarm workers also narrows incrementally with increased marketization. In addition, women who are left in agricultural work are more likely to become heads of household, a position which brings greater household decision-making power to female family members.     

Apron strings of working mothers: Maternal employment and housework in cross-national perspective

This paper asks whether maternal employment has a lasting influence on the division of household labor for married women and men. Employing multi-level models with 2002 ISSP survey data for 31 countries, we test the lagged accommodation hypothesis that a long societal history of maternal employment contributes to more egalitarian household arrangements. Our results find that living in a country with a legacy of high maternal employment is positively associated with housework task-sharing, even controlling for the personal socialization experience of growing up with a mother who worked for pay. In formerly socialist countries, however, there is less gender parity in housework than predicted by the high historical level of maternal employment.     

高校毕业生就业迁移模式分析与研究

通过对福建省部分高校毕业生就业情况的分析,总结出聚焦、交流、失焦和离散四种就业迁移模式,研究表明：聚焦模式、离散模式是就业迁移过程中高概率的两种就业迁移模式,毕业生就业迁移受预期收益、邻里效应、就学地效应、避风港效应影响较大,政府加大在离散地区就业毕业生的诱致性利益力度及服务期满后的帮扶,高校开展因人而异的就业指导,将有助于实现人才流动的均衡性.