什么是革命

"革命"不仅是人文社科领域的一个重要范畴,同时也是自然科学领域中的一个重要范畴.以往对"革命"的理解仅仅局限在社会历史进程的变革之中,其实,这是对"革命"这一重要范畴狭义片面的理解.把人类的社会革命仅仅理解成以暴力来夺取政权,这实际上是对"革命"这一概念范畴的误解.这是在语言翻译过程中用中国传统的儒家革命观替代了认识和实践领域中的"革命"概念.我们应当树立一种新的革命观,深入理解"革命"这一概念的本真涵义,倡导一种渐进的思想革命和社会革命.观念创新引导下的思想革命和社会革命是科学发展的重要内涵之一,这对于建构以人为本的和谐社会有着重要的意义.     

社会学是什么

(续上期 )现在让我们记住涂尔干的假设 ,收益希望提高可能刺激不确定期望 ,结果更增加受挫感。为了在我们虚拟的实验模型的层面上再现这种情境 ,我们将假设 ,在第二种情境中 ,组织者向参加同一游戏的同一批人暗示中彩者将不是两人而是四人 ,该互动系统的其余方面一仍其旧。因此     

Social work is beautiful On the characteristics of social work

Social work is frequently described as a problem-solving activity. Social workers are expected to identify social problems, thoroughly investigate them and take proper measures to solve them. Superficially, this kind of definition is unassailable and harmless (and, of course, partly valid), but in a deeper sense it denies us access to important concepts, perspectives and, hence, possibilities of interpretation, regarding the activity we call social work. Following this line of thought, there is a blind spot in the self-understanding of social work. This article outlines an alternative perspective on social work emphasizing making visible new possibilities of interpretation and action rather than solving problems. In connection with a recently reported research project, Organization and Human Change in Social Work, specific features of social work are suggested and discussed. The aim is to contribute to the development of a theoretical identity of social work, based on its own specific characteristics.     

社会学是什么

若不引用雷蒙·阿隆的俏皮话就难以给出社会学的定义,他说社会学家仅在一件事上意见一致:难以定义社会学. 要确定社会学家们自己认定的社会现象的种类肯定是不容易的.翻阅一遍任何社会学的专业期刊,我们会发现各式文章,论及社会变迁、闲暇、犯罪、自杀、革命、精神病院、社会流动、时尚和其他主题.     

何为社会科学

在主流社会科学中我们可以分辨出三种主要观点 ,我也时常称之为“正统的共识”（ｏｒｔｈｏｄｏｘｃｏｎｓｅｎｓｕｓ） ,这些观点在战后大部分时期的社会学中声名显赫。我认为事实上它们也已经扩展到社会科学的其他领域中。第一种是自然主义 ,它主张社会科学应以自然科学为榜样 ,社会科学阐述问题的逻辑框架也与自然科学相类似。我更愿用自然主义一词而不用实证主义 ,尽管它们意指许多相同的东西。正统模式的第二个观点是 ,在解释人类活动时 ,我们应该运用某种社会因果概念。也就是说 ,作为人类行动者 ,我们虽然对我们的所作所为以及何以如…     

何谓正义:罗尔斯与哈贝马斯

罗尔斯和哈贝马斯在目前健在的西方思想家中是最有影响的两位,两者思想之间存在着一个交汇点,即正义问题.但是他们在下述三个基本问题上对正义的理解是不同的1.正义是程序的还是实质的;2.正义的前提是"理想语境"还是"理想处境";3.理论的本质到底是正义还是合法性.     

What is Useful for the Country is Profitable for Everyone

The question of enhancing the importance and role of profit in the material incentives of the working people has been ripe for some time. At the 22nd Party Congress N, S. Khrushchev said: "We must increase the significance of profit and profitability. In the interests of better fulfillment of plans, the enterprise must be given greater opportunity to dispose of its profit, to use it more extensively to encourage better work by its personnel, and to expand production."     

What is the Future of Futurology?

After seeking explanations for the recent growth of futurology, this paper outlines some of the major issues which need to be resolved in answering the question ‘Can the sociologist predict the future?’ Then various pitfalls confronting the futurologist are examined. Directions are suggested for further developments in this field.     

What is Peace Psychology the Psychology of?

Peace psychology emerged as a distinct area of research and practice during the Cold War, when the preeminent concern was the prevention of nuclear war. Now global in scope, the focal concerns of peace psychologists are nuanced by geohistorical contexts and the distinction between episodic violence and structural violence, the latter of which also kills people, albeit slowly through the deprivation of basic need satisfaction. Accordingly, the focal concerns of contributors to this issue vary depending on geohistorical context: some being primarily concerned with patterns of behavior and cognition involved in the prevention of violent episodes and others with the amelioration of structural violence. A systems perspective is used as a framework for integrating episodes and structures of violence and peace. Articles emphasizing "systemic violence" demonstrate the interplay between structures and episodes of violence. Articles on "systemic peacebuilding" examine intergroup contact, the nonviolent management of conflict, and movement toward socially just structures, thereby yielding an increase in cooperative and equitable relationships across levels, from interpersonal to intergroup.     

作为符号实践的体育

体育作为一种身体的实践是不言而喻 的,无论是在对抗性的项目还是在表演性 的项目中,体育的实践都是以身体为本来运作的——对抗需要通过身体的技术动作加以完成;表演中的美感则直接维系在肢体动作的流畅感和难度之上。然而体育作为一种社会事实绝不仅仅只有这显而易见的一个方面,对社会学而言,体育更是符号的实践。     

What is this Thing called Economic Rationalism?

Anyone well informed on current debate In Australian politics would have heard the term ‘economic rationalism’. It is used frequently in conjunction with such policies as closing down rail services, applying user-pays principles, introducing reforms to higher education, attempting to privatise government-owned assets, and so on. For a long time the term economic rationalism was used on the assumption that we all knew what it meant and how it worked. However, until recently, little writing had been devoted to its underlying assumptions or its implications for wider social and political questions. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how economic rationalism has attempted to transcend the moral or ethical issues that are an inherent part of the social sciences and humanities. Economic rationalism is not just about economics; its precepts, whilst relying on the supposed neutrality of economics, go far beyond the economic into the realm of the social, the political, and the philosophical.     

Testing for genetic susceptibility: What you see is not what you get

Media reports of advances in human genetic research often make exaggerated claims and generate expectations of practical benefits, particularly the imminence of genetic testing. After the discovery of a disease‐related gene, which attracts media attention, additional research is needed to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of genetic tests. Even more work is needed to develop interventions to prevent or reduce the burden of genetic disease and to demonstrate their safety and effectiveness. Clinical laboratories sometimes offer genetic tests before the tests, or ensuing interventions, have been adequately assessed. Exaggerated reporting is not entirely the fault of the mass media; research institutions and scientists themselves contribute. The need to justify scientific research by exaggerating its effects has increased in recent years as government funding for research (in the U.S.) has become problematic and universities turn to the private sector. If the exaggerations continue unchecked, and if unvalidated tests reach the public, a backlash against science could result. More critical reporting by the media and university public relations offices, more stringent oversight of genetic test development and delivery, and greater awareness of the benefits and risks of tests by health care providers can reduce the problem.     

The Interhuman and What is Common to All: Martin Buber and Sociology

Martin Buber was close to sociology and sociologists from his university years on and in 1938 was head of the new Department of Sociology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Although influenced by Ferdinand Toennies, and George Simmel, he went beyond them in his philosophy of the interhuman from which standpoint he also criticized Max Scheler. Focal social concepts of Buber's are the interhuman_the dialogical relationship between persons that entails inclusion, or imagining the real, making present, and confirmation (compared here with the social psychology of George Herbert Mead); the essential We or common cosmos that each helps to build by speech-with-meaning from his or her unique stance; the distinction between the political principle of government and the social principle of fellowship and social spontaneity; and the philosophy of community that led Buber to a federalistic socialism and the vision of restructuring society into a community of communities.