交友之道：青少年同伴关系的影响因素研究

同伴关系对青少年的健康成长至关重要。青少年同伴关系的形成以及家庭社会经济地位在这一过程中所起的作用,对于理解教育不平等和代际流动都有重要意义,但既有的研究发现并不一致。本文从社会分层视角出发,检验了家庭社会经济地位对青少年同伴接纳度的影响,并尝试探究其中介机制。研究发现,家庭社会经济地位和个人层面的积极特性(如较高的学业成绩、自我效能感、有体育爱好)分别对青少年的同伴接纳度产生独立的正向影响。其中,非认知能力和文体爱好并非家庭社会经济地位影响青少年同伴接纳度的中介机制,只有认知能力起到微弱的中介作用,即家庭社会经济地位的部分效应通过认知能力作用于同伴接纳度。     

家庭环境与儿童的心理适应:关系与应对

“家庭化”迁移的出现,致使越来越多的未成年儿童跟随父母从农村移居到城市,形成了一个新的社会弱势群体——随迁儿童.中国农村和城市在生活习惯、生活观念以及行为方式等方面都存在较大的差异,随迁必然给儿童的心理适应带来一定影响.本文将家庭社会经济地位作为考察儿童发展的家庭环境变量,分别探讨人力资本、经济资本和社会资本三个家庭社会经济地位指标对儿童心理适应的作用,并针对家庭环境对儿童产生的“负效应”思考相应对策.     

主观社会经济地位如何影响社会成就归因?——基于社会公平感的中介效应分析

通过武汉市社会状况综合调查 (CSSR2014) 的数据,运用Amos23.0软件建立的基础中介模型与SPSS22.0软件的Process插件程序建立的控制中介模型,综合测量了社会公平感在主观社会经济地位与社会成就归因之间的中介效应.研究结果显示,在控制了相关变量后,主观社会经济地位分别对社会公平感与社会成就归因中的个人因素起到显著的正向影响;社会公平感对社会成就归因中的个人因素产生显著的正向作用,但对家庭因素则发挥显著的负向影响;社会公平感仅在主观社会经济地位与社会成就归因中的个人因素间具有中介效应.政府应努力构建平等公正的社会环境,逐步恢复主观社会经济地位较低者的社会公平信心,使得其个人能力的效用发挥至最大.     

与祖辈同住:当前中国家庭的三代居住安排与青少年的学业表现

通过分析具有全国代表性的初中学生样本数据，本研究考察了影响当前中国家庭三代共同居住的决定因素、三代居住安排与青少年学业表现之间的关系及其中间机制。首先，家庭社会经济地位较低、母亲在职或单亲家庭的青少年更可能与祖辈同住。其次，代际居住安排会显著影响青少年的学业表现，控制了其他因素之后，三代共同居住（与祖辈同住）家庭的学生的学业表现要优于两代核心家庭的学生。第三，与祖辈同住的效应受到家庭社会经济地位和家庭结构的调节，来自较低阶层或非双亲家庭的学生从与祖辈同住中获益更多。最后，与祖辈同住在一定程度上通过加强亲子间的家庭社会资本这一机制作用于学生的学业表现。本文表明，在现代社会，家庭亲属网络仍然对个体的地位获得或社会流动具有十分重要的作用。     

以养老机构为中心的养老众筹模式探究

人口老龄化给我国养老保障体系和老年人养老支出带来巨大挑战。作为我国多支柱养老保障体系的组成部分,养老众筹的良性发展有助于拓展养老资金来源渠道。构建养老众筹创新模式应突破传统模式的局限,充分利用互联网金融工具,以资产使用权为基础设计养老众筹产品,发挥养老机构的主导作用,并将标的资产的范围扩展到农村地区。养老机构居于养老众筹创新模式的中心环节,需要注重养老众筹产品创新,深化与各市场主体的合作,充分发挥资源整合平台的作用。养老众筹的创新模式具有多方面的积极效应,我国在发展动力、产业基础、创新环境、交易工具以及政策支持等方面已经为养老众筹创新模式的实际运作积累了必要的基础条件。     

创新求助方式 加强源头预防

安徽蚌埠市牧助管理站创新救助方式，以源头预防为着力点，以营建温馨家园为目标，重新梳理流浪未成年人家庭关系，并将扶助、救助和低保仃机结合，为未成年人家庭经济生活托底，     

上海市:加大管理力度 积极应又寸职业乞讨和骗助现象

面对形形色色的恶意求助和职业乞讨、骗讨者,上海市救助管理站依据国务院的<救助管理办法>和民政部的<实施细则>以及<中华人民共和国治安处罚条例>的有关规定,严格依法行政,坚持"两手抓,两手都要硬”的策略,做到一手抓救助,一手抓管理,不断研究新情况、破解新难题,较好地协调和处理了救助与管理、民政主管与社会配合、治本与治标、主动救助与自愿求助的关系,有效遏制了骗助者的嚣张气焰,确保了上海救助管理场所的安全和稳定.     

民政部:保民生 着力提高“三个群体”生活保障水平

健全社会求助体系 保障和改善困难群体的基本生活 城乡低保和受灾群众是社会救助的主要对象.目前,我国城乡低保人数共6619万人,其中绝对贫困人数有1400多万.去冬今春还有6100多万受灾群众亟待救助.中央要求"切实保障农村贫困家庭、城镇困难家庭基本生活水平不下降".我们必须从保障困难群体的基本生活需求出发,加大救助力度,努力改善他们的生活.     

以人为本 做好流浪儿童救助保护工作

江苏省严格按照"自愿受助、无偿救助"的原则,坚持依法行政,文明管理,热忱服务,认真做好流浪儿童救助保护工作,推动了全省救助管理工作的健康有序发展,为保障城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员这一特殊困难群体的基本生活权益,维护社会稳定作出了积极的贡献。从去年8月1日至今年10月底,全省各级救助管理共接待求助34230人,救助30175人次,其中未成年人4153人。江苏省的主要做法是:     

创新救助管理机制建立立体救助模式

抓主动救助，扩大救助范围。常德市救助管理站在“自愿求助、无偿救助”的基础上，创新推出了“主动救助”模式，并在全国得以推广，通过多种方式让流浪未成年人进站接受救助。一是实行主动巡查。将该市城区划分为三大片区，每个片区安排3～5名工作人员，每天在片区巡查两次以上，在政府机关、步行街、火型宾馆、主干街道等重点地段巡查三次以上，向发现的流浪乞讨未成年人发放救助卡片，宣传救助法律法规，劝导他们进站接受救助。二是拓展救助平台。在市中心、火车站等人流集中地段设立临时救助点，全天候开展救助工作；在新闻媒体公布救助热线电话，城区主要街道设立求助指示牌，引导流浪对象接受救助；     

就业市场中间人行为分析:基于社会资本视角

本文基于中国综合社会调查数据（CGSS）对劳动力市场上中间人行为进行分析，具体考察影响其分享就业信息、提供就业帮助和最终成功匹配的因素。研究表明，就业信息的分享体现了社会资本的“运作效用论”而非“地位效用论”。社会地位和教育水平较高的中间人并不热衷于信息分享，而就业帮助体现了趋异性交往原则。中间人倾向于向教育水平低于自己的求职者提供实质性的就业帮助。此外，间接关系比单一的强关系或弱关系更能预测人情资源。教育水平较低和有迫切就业需求的劳动者对社会资本依赖较大。与女性相比，男性更依赖关系渠道。企业设立固定金额的推荐奖金可促进员工分享就业信息概率，但不影响成功匹配的概率。     

股权众筹是否真的那么美--基于美国制度缺陷的再思考

股权众筹作为初创企业采用的一种利用互联网向大众募集小额资本的融资方式，以“脱媒式”对接投融资双方的优势，利用互联网的人群聚集与信息广泛传播效应，降低投融资方之间沟通成本，有助于投融资意向的快速达成。2012年美国JOBS法案的高调出台，吸引了全球范围内的广泛关注。但股权众筹制度在美国已受到诸多批判，除信息披露要求弱化引发的欺诈风险增加外，在注重前端融资效率的同时却忽略了投资端的设计和保护，尤其是众筹股权的流通和退出问题等。美国立法与实践领域对于这些问题尚未取得彻底的突破。股权众筹以美国模式为样板引入中国，在遭遇中国固有法律体系及制度的困扰后，中国股权众筹实践陷入更多困境。通过对美国相关制度出台的背景及存在的不足进行分析，对照中国实践，锁定实践中产生的新问题，并深入探讨现有解决路径能否真正缓解这些不足，以期对股权众筹制度重新进行明确的定位。     

A social welfare perspective of market‐oriented social enterprises

The article analyses market‐oriented social enterprises from a social welfare perspective, within the context of the innate conflict between business and welfare orientations. After defining the concept of market‐oriented social enterprises and presenting some successful examples on such entities that employ different marginalised populations, particularly people with disabilities, the article asks three interrelated questions: (i) What policy environment is needed to encourage the development of social enterprises? (ii) Given the innate tension between the social and economic objectives in social enterprises, what structural principles are needed to enable them to meet those dual objectives? Lastly, (iii) What intervention modalities are best suited to help individual participants in those frameworks? Answers to these questions are discussed within conceptual frameworks from the worlds of welfare and business that jointly provide a base for a social welfare rationale for market‐oriented social enterprises.     

社会报酬与中国城市社区积极分子——上海市S社区楼组长群体的个案研究

本文试图回答这样一个问题：中国城市社区选举中为什么会出现积极分子？这个群体有什么结构性的特征?他们在社区中的行动逻辑是什么？通过参与观察、半结构访谈和文本分析等多种研究方法,本文的基本结论是：以楼组长群体为核心的社区积极分子主要追求的是社会报酬,社会报酬的获得程度决定其参与社区活动的积极性。追求社会报酬的积极分子网络已经成为当代中国城市社区治理的一种重要机制。     

Childhood maltreatment among Norwegian drug abusers in treatment

This article reports on the investigation of the correlation between the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) among 102 Norwegian drug abusers admitted to treatment. The aim of the study is to explore how different types and levels of childhood trauma and social and psychiatric factors, medical situation and experienced family history are interrelated. The study addresses three main questions: 1) What is the prevalence of different kinds of childhood trauma among drug abusers in treatment? 2) Does type or level of maltreatment in childhood predict specific substance abuse problems as adults and/or specific social, psychiatric and medical problems as adults? 3) Do substance abuse problems and mental health problems in the primary family predict different types and levels of childhood maltreatment? Twenty‐five per cent of the total sample was included in the high‐level trauma group and 54% in the intermediate‐level group. Females had significantly higher scores than males in all types of childhood trauma. The strongest correlations were found between childhood trauma and lifetime psychiatric problems and psychiatric status during the last 30 days before admission for treatment. More research, and especially prospective studies, is needed to clarify the importance of parents' substance abuse and psychiatric problems in childhood/adolescent compared with trauma in the client's childhood and the client's current psychiatric status.     

Factors associated with fundraising dependency among nonprofit organisations in Australia

Despite the importance of fundraising to the nonprofit sector there has been surprisingly little research on fundraising as a revenue source in Australia. Research that has been conducted both here and internationally has focused on the cost of fundraising – the proportion of fundraising expenses to total fundraising revenue, and fundraising performance – the absolute or relative amount of money raised by organisations via fundraising. This paper examines why some nonprofit organisations are more dependent on fundraising as a source of revenue than others. The paper applies multivariate techniques to examine the influence that three broad sets of factors: organisational; revenue generation model; and fundraising approach, have on what we term ‘fundraising dependency’ – the percentage of a nonprofit organisation's total revenue that is derived from fundraising activities. It finds that fundraising dependency is associated with a range of organisational characteristics (e.g. size, geographical scope of the organisation and tax status); alternative forms of revenue generation (e.g. reliance on government funding and commercial venturing) and fundraising approach (e.g. whether professional fundraising staff are employed, the use of volunteer fundraisers and the number of fundraising practices used). The results support taking a multidimensional approach to understanding fundraising dependency.     

Factors associated with fundraising dependency among nonprofit organisations in Australia

Despite the importance of fundraising to the nonprofit sector there has been surprisingly little research on fundraising as a revenue source in Australia. Research that has been conducted both here and internationally has focused on the cost of fundraising – the proportion of fundraising expenses to total fundraising revenue, and fundraising performance – the absolute or relative amount of money raised by organisations via fundraising. This paper examines why some nonprofit organisations are more dependent on fundraising as a source of revenue than others. The paper applies multivariate techniques to examine the influence that three broad sets of factors: organisational; revenue generation model; and fundraising approach, have on what we term ‘fundraising dependency’ – the percentage of a nonprofit organisation's total revenue that is derived from fundraising activities. It finds that fundraising dependency is associated with a range of organisational characteristics (e.g. size, geographical scope of the organisation and tax status); alternative forms of revenue generation (e.g. reliance on government funding and commercial venturing) and fundraising approach (e.g. whether professional fundraising staff are employed, the use of volunteer fundraisers and the number of fundraising practices used). The results support taking a multidimensional approach to understanding fundraising dependency.     

The quest for sustainable employment: Challenges faced by young people during the job‐search process

Young people who are unable to find and sustain employment are at risk for long‐term social and economic exclusion. Active labour market policies (ALMPs) addressing the problem of youth unemployment have focused on building the employability skills of young job seekers to expand their employment opportunities. Yet research exploring how young people navigate the job‐search process is limited. Drawing on interviews with young Australian job seekers and their employment consultants, this article addresses the questions of how young people navigate entry into employment through the job‐search process and what challenges they face. The study revealed three common frustrations experienced by the young people during their job‐search: employers' expectations of relevant work experience in the young person's preferred occupation, being required to apply for jobs not aligned with their career aspirations, and the impact of personal factors on their ability to confidently present themselves to prospective employers. The findings highlight the need for ALMPs and employers to facilitate positive employability support mechanisms that will build a stable platform from which young people can build a trajectory towards sustainable employment to reduce long‐term youth unemployment.     

闽南文化背景下的泉州企业社会工作发展现状与出路探索

企业社会工作的发展受企业文化发展现状的影响并能促进企业文化的建设,泉州是我国劳动密集型产业集聚区,受闽南文化影响下的泉州企业发展现状如何?企业社会工作在泉州地区发展面临哪些困境?本文尝试解答以上问题,期待闽南企业家以及当地政府能够意识到企业社会工作对企业及员工发展的重要作用,尝试为泉州地区企业社会工作实务的发展开拓出一条可行道路。     

Inside the interdisciplinary team experiences of hospice social workers

Interdisciplinary teamwork is the foundation for the delivery of hospice care. This project interviewed 23 hospice social workers by telephone to explore their experiences with hospice team collaboration. Two research questions were explored: (1) What do social workers perceive as the strengths of interdisciplinary collaboration and (2) What are the challenges for social workers on interdisciplinary hospice teams? Participants identified issues related to team process, administrative processes, and barriers to effective team collaboration. Collaboration was said to be fostered by good communication, trust, roles, joint visitation, respect, team building activities, and administrative interest and support. Challenges to collaboration included large caseloads, a focus on the medical model, limited visits, personality and team conflict. Opportunities for improved collaboration between social workers and hospice team members exist through active evaluation of collaboration and strategic initiatives aimed at improving collaboration.