文化的深层结构和表层结构

结构主义的兴起是近代思想史上的重要事件,它为传统的学术视野提供了一个全新的视角。自列维-斯特劳斯的《结构人类学》出版之后,人文科学领域里刮起了一股结构主义的加勒比海旋风,人文科学家纷纷仿效列维-斯特劳斯对神话传说和亲属制度的分析,用结构主义的观点和方法来研究各种人文科学。这给了我们一个重要的启示:文化研究也不能仅仅满足于对现象的罗列和描述,而必须致力于深层结构和表层结构的探寻。笔者认为,文化作为具有一定物质形式的精神产品,按照其把握世界的不同方式,可     

C.列维-斯特劳斯——人性的探索者

今天我们采访的人物是C.列维-斯特劳斯。迄今为止在我们所采访的“思想家”中,C.列维-斯特劳斯以他一丝不苟的精神征服了我们。他对于我提出的每一个问题,都要沉思良久,然后再给予回答。从他房间的摆设看,他不象一位收藏家。只有两件东西能引起人们的注意,其中一件是一块画有佛像的丝织品,另一件是一个北美洲的图腾。作为一个探索者,列维-斯特劳斯探寻的不是什么稀世珍品,而是人的本性。     

从莫斯到列维—斯特劳斯:“玛纳”与实践观念的可译性

“玛纳”这一典型的巫术概念构成了社会人类学的一个经典“案例”。莫斯与列维—斯特劳斯对它的不同诠释体现了从法国社会学派到结构主义人类学的转折及分歧。本文从莫斯的文本出发将“玛纳”定义为“实践观念”，并以“可译性”为切入点，试图证明在“实践观念可译性”问题上的分歧背后隐含着社会本体论、社会科学方法论和行动哲学这三个层面的分歧。最后，本文认为，关于莫斯与列维—斯特劳斯之关系的最常见观点实际上是对这一关系的过度简化。     

C．列维─斯特劳斯新著《看听读》

Ｃ．列维─斯特劳斯新著《看听读》［法］Ｐ．马约尔习文译巴黎普隆出版社１９９３年出版了法国著名社会人类学家Ｃ．莱维─斯特劳斯的新著《看听读》，全书共１８８页。列维一斯特劳斯本人认为，此书是一部“随想曲”。他一开始就谈到１９世纪末、２０世纪初法国伟大作家...     

一位右派无政府主义者——法国《快报》记者对列维-斯特劳斯的专访

在萨特和阿隆逝世以后,77岁的C.列维-斯特劳斯是法国思想的最后一位巨人.他在国外比在国内有名.他的巨著远远超出了他本来的学科——人种学的范畴,对"人文科学"产生了决定性的影响.在二十世纪最杰出的学者中,是他提出了结构主义,这一思想引起了许多评论和曲解.列维-斯特劳斯在接待法国《快报》记者时,对此发表了简明扼要的看法.列维-斯特劳斯在谈话中自称是三十年代工人国际法国支部的成员,是"忠于马克思的老牌右派无政府主义者".     

C.列维-斯特劳斯的结构人类学再度成为法国学术界关注的重点

据法国《文学杂志》1991年第292期报道,著名人类学家C.列维-斯特劳斯以及他的结构人类学再度成为法国学术界关注的重点。最近,评论、采访列维-斯特劳斯的文章接连不断地在法国的各主要报刊杂志上发表。在他的《猞猁的故事》问世之后,法国的一些出版社相继出版了一组     

结构主义人类学的哲学倾向

列维－斯特劳斯在自己的研究领域始终运用自然科学的研究方法，并充分阐述了结构整体观。这种结构整体观在一定程度上反映了现代科学发展的整体化趋势     

列维·斯特劳斯及其结构人类学

法国社会人类学实验室主任克洛德·居斯塔夫·列维-斯特劳斯(Claude Gustave LéviStrauss)是当代法国著名人类学家、结构主义人类学的创始人。他的学说影响极广,遍及哲学、政治学、史学、艺术和文艺评论等许多学术领域。美国一家文献所最近发表的一项统计数字表明,列维-斯特劳斯是世界上最负盛名的人类学家。     

神话的结构研究

本文最初于1955年发表在《美国民俗学杂志》68卷270号第428—444页。这是列维-斯特劳斯(1evi—Strauss)运用结构主义的方法来研究神话的最早论文，奠定了结构主义人类学和结构主义神话学的基础。著者从索绪尔的结构语言学出发，对神话结构研究的方法论作了重要的探讨，并且以俄狄浦狄斯神话和美洲神话为例，总结出以二元对立、中介、结构转换等理论为核心的神话结构模式，从而对原始思维的特点提出了新的见解。本文的发表给社会科学界带来了轰动。此后，结构主义成为一门全新的哲学意义上的方法论。     

列维-斯特劳斯扮演了什么角色?

列维-斯特劳斯是结构主义人类学和当代整个法国结构主义哲学的奠基人和最著名的代表人物,他的著作把新颖独到、富有成效的思想同庸俗陈腐、大可怀疑的论点融为一体。这就是他的著作一方面对科学思想产生一定的推进作用。同时又成为争议和论战的由头的原因之一。作为人种学者的列维-斯特劳斯在其著作中反对脱离社会历史环境来对人的权利和自由下抽象的定义,他正确地看出了这种做法是某些“西方典型思维方式”的“种族中心主义”的表现,他主张维护     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).