Wrong lovers in the 19th century Netherlands

Various styles of "male love" occurring in the 19th century are introduced. Locations and public ordinances relating to these styles of love are discussed. The development of the homosexual role is broached along with the question of whether attitudes and laws of the 19th century were responsible in part for the development of normative expectations for homosexuality which might in turn have repressed its growth.     

Population and environment in the twenty-first century

In the past 50 years global population grew by 3.7 billion. There is a large unmet need for family planning and wherever women have been given the means and the information to decide if or when to have the next child, then family size has fallen, often rapidly. However, since the UN 1994 Cairo conference on population and development, support for international family has collapsed and fertility declines in many of the poorest countries have stalled. Amongst some of the most vulnerable groups family size has risen. The investment made in voluntary family planning will largely determine whether, in the next 50 years, the global population grows to something less than 8 billion or to over 10. The trajectory taking us to the higher figure could jeopardize any possibility of transitioning the global economy to a biological sustainability. Much precious time has been lost. Almost all the additional growth in population will take place in the world’s poorest countries, and it is imperative that the international community act to improve access to family planning in those countries, within a human rights frame framework.     

Infant mortality and fertility in three Bavarian villages: An analysis of family histories from the 19th century

Abstract Family history data derived from the records of three parishes in Bavaria provide evidence for several important demographic questions when analysed in conjunction with information concerning the prevalent breast-feeding practices. The results suggest strongly that breast feeding can prolong birth intervals substantially. The evidence concerning the independent influence of infant deaths on subsequent birth intervals is inconclusive. It is clear, however, that even if such an influence did exist it was relatively small, compared to the effect of lactation. In addition the results do not lend support to the hypothesis that couples experiencing low child mortality practised family limitation more than couples experiencing high child mortality. In all three parishes, however, fertility appeared to influence infant mortality. Infants born after short intervals were subject to considerably higher mortality risks than infants following longer intervals.     

Major league baseball career length in the 20th century

The sport of baseball has used statistics to enhance understanding for fans for over a century, yet there is limited data on player careers. This study fills that void by examining the careers of baseball players over the last century. Between 1902 and 1993, 5,989 position players started their careers and played 33,272 person years of major league baseball. A rookie position player can expect to play 5.6 years; one in five position players will have only a single-year career, and at every point of a player’s career, the chance of exiting is at least 11%. Position players who start younger and begin their careers in more recent decades all have longer and more stable careers; nevertheless, baseball careers are not compressed versions of normal careers, but are substantially skewed toward early exit.

Fertility and nuptiality changes in Spain from the late 18th to the early 20th century

Abstract 3.1. A regional approach often reveals features of population trends not evident in national data. We have already pointed out that the 1768 census followed the ecclesiastical sub-divisions of the country; therefore its territorial data are not comparable with those derived from later enumerations. The 1787 and 1797 censuses, on the other hand, were based on civil sub-divisions, which can be compared, when aggregated, with later censuses of the modern statistical era.     

Fertility and nuptiality changes in Spain from the late 18th to the early 20th century

Abstract 1.1. The course of Spanish population growth from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th century was set by the effects of what demographers call 'catastrophic' mortality. As in most European populations, the occasional but recurrent ravages of epidemics, especially plague, wiped out the excess of births over deaths accumulated in 'normal' years. How accurate and close to reality this statement is cannot be discussed here; but we shall assume that, until the rSth century, short-term growth was offset by mortality above the normal levels caused by epidemics.     

Population growth and poverty in the developing world

The links between rapid population growth and the absolute poverty currently affecting 780 million people in the developing countries (excluding China and other centrally planned economies) were examined. Absolute poverty is defined as having less than the income necessary to ensure a daily diet of 2150 calories per person ($200 per person a year in 1970 United States dollars). Focus is on poverty and demography in the developing world (defining poverty; income, fertility and life expectancy; demographic change and poverty), effect of poverty on fertility, family planning programs and the poor, and the outlook for the future. Rapid population growth stretches both national and family budgets thin with the increasing numbers of children to be fed and educated and workers to be provided with jobs. Slower per capita income growth, lack of progress in reducing income inequality, and more poverty are the probable consequences. Many characteristics of poverty can cause high fertility -- high infant mortality, lack of education for women in particular, too little family income to invest in children, inequitable shares in national income, and the inaccessibility of family planning. Experience in China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Colombia, Korea, Sri Lanka, Cuba and Costa Rica demonstrate that birthrates can decline rapidly in low income groups and countries when basic health care, education, and low-cost or free family planning services are made widely available.     

第五次全国人口普查登记的难点及其解决办法

(1)外来人口。《第五次全国人口普查办法》规定了普查登记采用按常住人口登记的原则，每个人必须在常住地登记。这个规定虽然在提法上与第三次、第四次人口普查一样，但是，作为常住地的判断标准，第五次人口普查在二个方面作了改动。一是常住人口的时间标准由一年改为半年；二是空间标准由县、市范围缩小到乡、镇、街道的范围，更改的目的是力求能更真实地反映出人口在流量和流向……     

中国第五次人口普查公报透视

背　景中国人口占世界人口的 1 /5。在这样一个国度里进行人口普查 ,本身就是一个具有世界意义的大事件。最近 2 0年来 ,随着经济体制改革的深入发展 ,中国目前正处在一个从计划经济向社会主义市场经济转型的特殊历史阶段。在转型期间 ,经济社会等各方面发生了巨大的变化 ,人口也是如此。中国以前的普查都是在计划经济的条件下进行的 ,2 0 0 0年的普查却是第一次在市场经济条件下进行 ,它的艰难程度和技术要求远远超过前 4次普查。因此 ,这次普查过程和普查公报的发表格外引人注目。令人欣喜的是 ,在近千万人口普查员的巨大努力下 ,这次普查…     

Population growth, development and the environment

When Population Studies was founded in 1946 a main preoccupation of demographers and of the public was the prospective decline of the British population, and the falling off of its quality because on the average a poor family had more children than a better-off one. Over the course of the 50 years interests have shifted to the aging of populations as births decline and mortality improves; immigration, immigrants being welcomed for the decades after the war, and subsequently facing hostile political pressures; environmental degradation and the spread of new diseases. The fall in the birth rate, required both for development and for protection of the environment, is spreading from the original industrialized countries of Europe and America to Asia, somewhat more slowly to Latin America, slowest of all to Africa.     

从第五次人口普查看世纪之交的广东人口状况

1990年以来 ,广东人口状况发生了深刻的变化。这些变化有的符合全国普遍规律 ,有的因受广东特殊社会经济环境的影响表现出不同特点。本文利用第五次人口普查最新数据 ,分析广东人口在数量、分布、素质和结构等方面的现状和特点     

Demographic responses and socioeconomic structure: Population processes in England and Wales in the nineteenth century

This paper explores some theoretical and empirical aspects related to the theory of change and multiple response. The empirical analysis focuses on 600 relatively small and homogeneous geographical units of England and Wales for the period 1851-1910. These units are classified into six identifiable socioeconomic types and the analysis is male for each of them. Two interrelated tissues are studied. First, a set of explanatory variables, connected either with strain or with factors relieving strain, is constructed. The effects of these explanatory variables on nuptiality, marital fertility, and migration responses are examined for each socioeconomic type, with respect to their significance, intensity, and direction. The patterns of these effects show general consistency with multiphasic response considerations for all socioeconomic types. A significant finding in this part is that migration affects very strongly the intensity of the marital fertility decline response. The second issue deals with theoretically expected patterns of interrelationships among responses in terms of substitutability and complementarity. The theoretical interrelationships are compared with the empirical for each socioeconomic type; and in general, consistency is established. Moreover, these interrelationships can be interpreted for each socioeconomic type in a way that appears to be consistent with multiphasic response considerations. An important finding in this part is that emigration and marital fertility decline are substitute responses in agricultural-based districts. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

中国人口空间分布形态模拟与预测--基于“五普”和“六普”的分县尺度人口密度研究

人口空间分布不平衡是一个普遍现象,但其“是否有分布和统计规律”的研究议题非常鲜见。通过中国第五次和第六次人口普查的分县尺度数据模拟出中国分县尺度人口密度的概率分布函数,并进行概率分布预测,分析了未来中国人口分布统计特征。主要结论有：模拟显示,中国分县尺度人口密度符合对数正态分布形态;以2000年分县尺度数据的前向（未来）预测检验和2010年数据的后向（过去）预测检验发现,“人均产出”和“地均产出”两个条件能很好地模拟未来人口密度的分布规律;以2010年分县尺度为基础预测了2020－2100年的中国人口密度概率分布特征和趋势,结果显示中国人口分布极化特征将持续加大,例如2050年,无人区（小于1人／平方公里）的县域比例将从当前的1.02％（29个）增加到4.49％（128个）,超高密集区（大于30000人／平方公里）的区县比例将从0.11％（3个）增加到3.93％（112个）。     

Population growth rates in perfect contraceptive populations

Abstract Eventually, world population must cease to grow. In many countries attempts are made to decrease population growth by providing family planning services to all who want to prevent pregnancies. In this paper we use the concept 'perfect contraceptive population',(1) - a population in which no unwanted births occur - to derive estimates of the maximum contribution that prevention of unwanted births might make toward attaining a zero rate of natural increase in population.     

Population growth and air quality in California

Demographers are often interested in the environmental impacts of population growth. I examine the impact of growth specifically on air quality in California. In recent decades, California has suffered from notoriously polluted air and has experienced rapid population growth. Despite the population .growth, air quality actually has improved since the early 1980s due to aggressive regulatory efforts. Using data for 56 counties, I analyze the contribution of population growth to trends in atmospheric emissions of five regulated pollutants from 1980 to 1990, controlling for trends in per capita income and regulatory efforts. The analysis is disaggregated by source of emissions and demonstrates that population growth is strongly associated with some sources of emissions but not with others. Thus, the overall impact of population growth depends upon the composition of production and consumption activities in each county. I also explore whether the trend in number of households predicts better than the trend in number of persons, and whether the impact of population growth depends upon the age structure or source of growth (immigration or domestic increase). Generally, these alternative specifications of population do not improve the models of atmospheric emissions.     

Population growth rates in perfect contraceptive populations

Eventually, world population must cease to grow. In many countries attempts are made to decrease population growth by providing family planning services to all who want to prevent pregnancies. In this paper we use the concept ‘perfect contraceptive population’,¹ — a population in which no unwanted births occur — to derive estimates of the maximum contribution that prevention of unwanted births might make toward attaining a zero rate of natural increase in population.     

Population growth and economic development

The paper deals with the relationship between the population growth and economic development in Yugoslavia and its republics, covering the period after the Second World War. Yugoslavia is a developing country with a specific demographic and economic structure which makes her unique in Europe. Its territory is comprised of both relatively developed regions where demographic transition is over, and underdeveloped regions with high natural increase of population where the demographic transition is only just beginning. Correlation and regression methods were used to quantify this relationship. The economic development and structural changes are discussed, relating to human factor. An adequate population policy through family planning is stressed as important in obtaining an increased return to scale with a more positive role of demographic factor.     

Lost in the ozone: Population growth and ozone in California

Demographers usually study population and environment in preindustrial settings where “environment” means food, forest, or land. California, in contrast, is an advanced industrial state with rapid population growth and complex environmental stresses. In this paper I examine the effects of population growth on carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone, the principal ingredient of smog. Ozone and CO are monitored at numerous local sites throughout California. Wind currents are strong, so the level of ozone or CO at a site may depend on population size and other factors upwind as well as at that site. I use longitudinal data for a sample of sites to estimate panel models of trends in ozone and CO. Population growth is measured at three levels: site, county, and upwind; and trends in per capita income and air pollution regulations are controlled. Local population growth has a substantial impact on CO; in contrast, population growth at any level has a very small or even negative impact on ozone. The methodological and policy implications of this implausible finding are discussed. This paper was accepted under the editorship of Virginia Deane Abernethy.