H.L.A. Hart's Contribution to Legal Anthropology

In the first half of this paper I show how H. L. A. Hart's theory of rules can resolve, or at least clarify, a central methodological problem in legal anthropology that was first posed in Llewellyn and Egebel's The Cheyenñe Way In the second half I explore and develop Hart's theory (a) of rules, and apply it to problems of agency and behaviourism in legal anthropology, and (b) of legal development, and apply it to the problem of rule-scepticism in legal anthropology as it is posed in Roberts and Comaroffs Rules and Processes and elsewhere.     

美国对巴基斯坦发展援助新战略评估

美国奥巴马政府提出对巴基斯坦提供发展援助的新战略,在未来五年内将向巴基斯坦提供75亿美元非军事援助。该战略强调提升美国援助的影响力和可见度,重在巴基斯坦阿富汗边境地区的人道主义援助和国内能源、农业领域的基础设施建设,试图以此削弱巴基斯坦国内的反美情绪,获得巴基斯坦政府更多的反恐帮助,并防止宗教极端组织利用巴基斯坦威胁美国国土安全。该战略在美国国内争议不断,巴基斯坦各界反应不一,战略实施前景不明。     

An Answer to B. Firsanov

The editors of Komsomolskaya Pravda have turned over your letter to me, Comrade Firsanov, and asked that I answer you.     

从福斯特的《印度之行》看隔阂与分离

人类自身之间即种族之间、个体的朋友之间、母子之间甚至夫妻、情人之间都存在着难以理解的隔阂与分离;不可知的自然及其造物也极力阻止人类的联结与统一,因而与人类之间存在着隔阂与分离。此外,不同宗教的不同信仰使得各宗教群体的人们互不理解,产生隔阂与分离。所有这些都说明福斯特理想中人类真诚关系建立的艰难及人类联结与统一的艰巨性。     

An Answer to F. V. Bassin's Criticism of Freudianism

Before entering into controversy with Professor F. V. Bassin regarding his article on psychoanalysis, I feel it necessary clearly and sincerely to set down my reactions to it.     

O. J. Simpson: A Threat to Internal Validity?

We examined the effects of a naturally occurring social event that had the potential to affect the results of an ongoing research project evaluating knowledge of and beliefs about battering in a simulated battered woman's homicide trial. When the O. J. Simpson murder allegations first unfolded, the study was 75% completed. The extent of media attention to issues of battering and domestic homicide necessitated the inclusion of additional research participants and more in-depth study of several related issues. Very few differences between pre-Simpson and post-Simpson participants were unearthed. For the majority of participants, the issue of domestic violence was likely not salient and was seen as a contextual factor for understanding why the homicides might have occurred, rather than as an independent focal point of substantive concern.     

我与白根滋郎先生

"我在美丽富饶、人民友好的锦州,和锦州人共同祝贺新年,就有如在我的家乡,更有如和我的家人在共同庆祝元旦.虽然生活方式不同,但此时此刻的心情让我永生难忘.我愿为日中友好努力,愿为锦州发展作贡献."这是1987年锦州市政府举行的庆祝元旦晚会上,白根滋郎先生的祝酒辞.当我为他即席翻译后,在座的各界人士都报以热烈的掌声.     

An application of social choice theory to U.S.D.A. forest service decision making

To meet the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the U.S.D.A. Forest Service has changed the way forest plans are developed. The focus of this paper is to address the group-decision problem using social choice theory, specifically the voting models of Condorcet and Borda. The elements of a social choice problem are voters, alternatives, preferences, and aggregation. A case study from the Shoshone National Forest is used to demonstrate the use of the voting models from social choice theory. The solutions derived from the analysis are strategy and coalitional strategy proof implying that behaviors intended to influence the outcome, such as vote trading, would be unsuccessful.     

'Get Up. Stand Up.' Riding to resilience on a surfboard

Government policies sanctioning the systematic removal of Australian Aboriginal children from their families ended in the 1970s. However, trauma associated with removal remains active in the present day for those removed and their offspring, contributing to the pernicious interlinked set of health and social problems afflicting most Aboriginal communities. Child abuse and neglect are an important avenue of inter-generational transmission of trauma leaving many Aboriginal children challenge-averse and vulnerable to social disadvantage, substance abuse and mental health problems in later life. Child protection and health services have a poor record engaging and providing effective interventions to Aboriginal Australians. Sunset Surfers is a learn-to-surf programme targeting a disadvantaged urban neighbourhood with a high proportion of Aboriginal families. Qualitative evaluation shows that participants experienced positive effect associated with the challenging activity of learning to surf, allowing for reframing of children's negative beliefs about challenge. By providing an appropriate balance of challenge and support, and encouraging physical activity, Sunset Surfers represents a holistic, preventative approach to a pernicious array of social and health problems.     

The O. J. Simpson Trial: Challenges to Science and Society

The O. J. Simpson murder and civil trials riveted the nation and much of the world for more than two years. Of tremendous scientific and public interest was the gulf in attitudes, perceptions, and reactions to the not guilty verdict at the criminal trial. The collection of articles in this issue of The Journal of Social Issues converged on the idea that race is an inadequate explanatory variable in understanding these differences in attitudes, perceptions, and reactions. Instead, race is a marker for a variety of cultural and experiential issues that affect cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes. This concluding article debunks simplistic ideas of race and points to the broader problems of racism and discrimination, criminal injustice, and violence in social relations. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and a call for a broader transformation in societal institutions that affect the quality of social relations.