进入壁垒与企业产品差异化策略

本文在两个被贸易壁垒分离的市场上分析了贸易壁垒对产品横向差异化的影响。所获得的主要结论为,当在市场A与市场B中都存在竞争时,每个企业所生产的商品在国内销售的价格要高于其出口的价格。当贸易壁垒足够高时,国内企业垄断市场是可能的。当有双向贸易时,即两个企业在市场上充分竞争时,高的贸易壁垒会使企业将产品靠近其竞争者,从而导致产品差异化程度降低,模仿更容易发生。     

寡头市场条件下的产品差异化及关税效应研究

在Dixit差异化双头垄断模型的框架内分析了产品差异化对关税政策效果的影响,同时研究了在古诺和贝特兰竞争条件下出口企业选择产品差异化战略的合理性.其推论表明:在古诺竞争前提下,产品差异化可以降低关税的利润转移效应;相反,在贝特兰竞争前提下,产品差异化使得最优关税相应提升.但是,无论在古诺还是贝特兰竞争条件下,产品差异化程度的提高均会导致出口利润的增长.     

房地产品牌差异化建设研究

随着我国房地产市场的成熟,越来越多的房地产企业开始注重房地产品牌的建设。房地产企业要获得竞争优势,必然品牌差异化将是一个主要的竞争战略。本文通过对我国房地产企业品牌差异化建设现状进行分析,提出研究品牌建设的意义,并提出相应的政策建议。     

借鉴国际标杆是成功捷径!

国内企业目前表现得很忧惧，原因不外乎市场持续低迷、行业竞争过度。但我以为，“差异化”是一个解决之道。“差异化”扩展开来，不仅要求企业战略创新，而且要产品、管理与众不同。有企业问，怎样才能找到“差异化”？     

竞争性品牌策略:进入遏制角度的分析

作为品牌延伸战略的重要表现形式之一,竞争性品牌策略是产业组织理论的一个重要研究领域.作者从市场进入遏制的视角研究竞争性品牌策略,通过构建一个具有产品差异化的动态博弈模型,分析在位者如何创建一个与进入者的品牌直接竞争的"竞争性品牌"并进行相应的产量竞争以达到遏制进入的目的.研究发现:旨在遏制进入的竞争性品牌策略与进入成本密切相关;不但从理论上证明了存在启动竞争性品牌策略的进入成本区间,还在一定的参数条件假设下通过一个简单数值例子给出该成本区间范围;最后对一些竞争性品牌案例进行了分析.     

双寡头垄断市场的价格竞争与产品差异化策略——一个博弈论模型及其扩展

分析三阶段Bertrand-Stackelberg市场价格竞争与产品差异化选址策略,将之与Bertrand-Nash市场均衡进行静态比较;其次,构造一个具体的数字例子,演示随着产品差异化程度的提高,双寡头垄断市场中企业均衡利润的变动规律.在此基础上,识别经典的产品差异化定位博弈模型的各种假设条件,并在放松假设以讨论存在边际成本优势、消费者选择行为以及重复动态博弈的情形下,寡头垄断市场中的企业均衡利润和均衡价格的变化趋势及其稳定性问题.放松传统模型的假设条件有助于完整地理解和分析许多长期被孤立研究的产业竞争问题.     

我国外贸出口品牌战略的实施与研究

品牌战略是公司将品牌作为核心竞争力,以获取差别利润与价值的企业经营战略。品牌战略的本质就是创造差异化的竞争战略,是企业在日趋激烈的竞争环境中面临产品、技术与服务日趋同质化的趋势下,谋求以品牌创造差异化的战略抉择。     

IPO前后的企业产品差异化动态策略——引入股价信息学习的模型与实证

本文构建包含股价信息学习机制的产品差异化决策模型，探讨企业开展产品差异化的微观决策机制以及IPO前后企业策略变化的动态特征。理论研究表明：产品差异化策略仅是企业在IPO后的一种短期策略，企业差异化策略的效果在上市后将逐年弱化；企业可以从同业竞争企业的股票价格获取行业差异化信息，这会影响企业自身的差异化策略执行强度。本文以2005年至2015年间IPO的996家A股上市企业为样本，基于对产品差异程度的测算与产品同质企业的匹配进行实证检验，实证结果支持上述模型结论。本文是结合产品差异化对已有产品市场竞争机制的拓展，研究结论对构建国内证券市场与产品竞争市场间内在关联，发挥股票价格对企业决策的参考价值也具有一定的启示。     

进口竞争、产品差异化与企业产品出口加成率

本文借鉴De Loecker等(2016)的方法,测度了企业—产品层面的生产要素投入,度量了我国企业产品出口加成率,并区分产品差异化程度,实证研究产品层面关税降低导致的进口竞争对于企业产品出口加成率的影响。总体上,进口竞争显著提升了企业产品出口加成率,区分产品差异化程度后,发现其对异质性产品出口加成率有显著促进效应,而对同质性产品出口加成率的影响效应不明显;改变关键变量测算方法、样本选择、模型估计方法后研究结论依然稳健。进一步作用机制检验表明,进口竞争对企业产品出口加成率的"价格效应"不明显,但"成本效应"和"质量效应"的作用显著,特别是通过提高异质性产品质量、降低同质性产品边际成本影响出口加成率。相对而言,进口竞争对出口中的外资和民营企业、进口企业、高市场竞争程度产品企业,以及一般贸易产品和资本品的出口加成率有更强的影响效应。本文识别了进口竞争影响出口加成率的差异化机制,发现了进口竞争影响我国企业产品出口加成率的质量升级效应,表明进口竞争有利于提升我国企业产品的国际市场势力。     

同质产品寡占市场条件下市场定位的博弈研究

豪泰林模型从运输成本的方面说明了产品差异化对于企业避免过度竞争,获得正利润的重要性.本文中运用豪泰林模型的变种,讨论了在不同市场覆盖情况下企业定价博弈的结果,认为在双寡头市场上,即使是在产品完全同质化的情况下,企业仍然可以通过产品定位的方式破解"伯川德悖论".     

Fast and slow resource commitment to foreign markets: What causes the difference?

Apparently, the pace by which companies commit resources to foreign markets differs significantly. We test six propositions that potentially explain why some companies undertake faster foreign market commitment than others. Suggested factors discriminating between a fast and a slow foreign market commitment are (1) whether the company is producing manufactures or services; (2) foreign market entry motives; (3) company size; (4) foreign market stability; (5) experience with foreign markets similar to the entered; and (6) degree of globalization in the industry. Using multiple regression analysis on Danish MNE data, we obtain supportive empirical evidence for all propositions, except for number 5, experience with similar markets. The results indicate that resource commitment to stable, foreign markets undertaken by small, market-seeking, manufacturing companies operating in domestic industries is slow relative to the commitment of resources to unstable markets made by firms with other attributes (large firms, service firms, and motives other than market seeking) operating in global industries. The study suggests that a globalization of industries since the 1970s has prompt companies to increase the pace by which they commitment resources to foreign markets.     

基于LGCNET多层网络的中国A股上市公司系统性风险度量

系统性风险度量一直是金融风险领域的热点问题,但是对于复杂网络条件下的度量方法还缺乏深入研究。本文将滑动窗口分位数回归与局部高斯相关方法相结合,构建出一种全新的多层时变网络——局部高斯相关网络(Local Gaussian Correlation Network, LGCNET)。基于此方法,本文通过研究中国证券市场股票总体及尾部收益的非线性相关性,分析了2018年至2021年我国A股50家上市企业关联网络的演化特征,通过考察金融网络系统性风险水平在整个时间段内的变化情况,探究了新冠疫情及中美贸易摩擦期间上市公司网络的风险变化情况。结果表明：第一,金融与科技行业是网络节点的中心,与其他行业公司存在较高关联性,表明该类行业是风险传导的中心。第二,基建及银行类公司因为其市值高,在系统中的重要程度普遍较高;同时,尾部风险排名高于其市值排名的企业具有较大市场影响力和风险传导能力,也应该受到关注。第三,在系统层面,受信用风险加剧及中美贸易摩擦的影响,2018年整个网络系统普遍具有较高风险水平;但在2020年新冠疫情期间,国内系统性风险一直控制在较低水平。     

债务保守、投资机会与中国上市公司资本投资

国内对于财务保守行为的研究,均是从产品市场竞争角度展开的。然而,这些研究并没有得出一致的结论。公司的财务保守目的,是给公司提供一定程度的财务灵活性,便于公司在未来使用这种灵活性。当公司遇到有利的投资机会时,具有这种灵活性的公司能够抓住有利的投资机会,进行资本投资。运用1999-2008年中国上市公司的不平衡面板数据,采用动态面板模型进行了实证分析。实证结论表明:公司的财务保守行为与公司未来的投资机会高度显著相关;公司的财务保守行为与公司未来的资本投资高度显著相关。同时,动态面板回归结果也显示,公司的财务保守行为和公司的投资支出都具有时间连续性,与其滞后项高度显著相关。     

Competition among foreign and Chinese agro-food enterprises in the process of globalization

Based on various case studies, this article examines the interaction of foreign investors and local operators in globalization in the agro-food market in China. The study found that to break the limitation of the high-end market and to position mainly in the middle market were critical for international brands to succeed. Asian companies approached the China market as an insider because of cultural proximity. The latter, plus focused management and effective technology, made their operations profitable easily, but also exposed them to the risk of overexpansion. Quality products at affordable prices were the catch-up approach adopted by local players. At the early stage of globalization, winning tactics for local enterprises include imitating and participating in foreign investments, and exploring the markets where foreign investors have no advantages. In the China market, foreign and domestic enterprises were competing, complementing, and collaborating with each other to allow each to achieve its goals. The study analyzes the sophisticated relationships between domestic and foreign players, and provides inputs to strategic discussions of foreign investors and Chinese local enterprises about how to improve their competitive positions.     

Domestic market competitiveness of Indian drug and pharmaceutical industry

Review of Managerial Science - This paper attempts to analyse the competitiveness of Indian drug and pharmaceutical industry in the domestic market where multinational pharma companies are entering...     

The changing pattern of distribution

Over the last decade the domestic distribution function has changed its internal and external appearance in order to meet the needs of the market, and enable companies to remain competitive in the market place.The object of this paper is threefold: firstly, to define what changes have occurred within the domestic distribution system; secondly, to identify the reasons for these changes; and thirdly, to forecast future developments within the marketing channel structure.Recently there have been considerable improvements in productivity within the distribution function leading to both absolute cost reductions and increases in customer service levels. Four main factors are considered to have influenced these changes. Firstly, improved management awareness in the role of the distribution functions. Secondly, a significant number of technical developments affecting the operating activities within the distribution function. Thirdly, structural change within the channel and co-operation between the independent channel memebers. Finally, the external channel environment has changed considerably as a result of urban renewal programmes and increasing Government constraints.The methods by which management could achieve change with the distribution function are identified and an outline is given of the problems which may be encountered in the process.It is forecast that planning activities will play an important role in developing the distribution system to meet the market needs of the future.     

Supply Chain Coordination in the Presence of Gray Markets and Strategic Consumers

The practice of diverting genuine products to unauthorized gray markets continues to challenge companies in various industries and creates intense competition for authorized channels. Recent industry surveys report that the abuse of channel incentives is a primary reason for the growth of gray market activities. Therefore, it is crucial that companies take the presence of gray markets into consideration when they design contracts to distribute products through authorized retailers. This issue has received little attention in the extensive literature on contracting and supply chain coordination. In this study, we analyze the impacts of gray markets on two classic contracts, wholesale price and quantity discount, in a supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer when the retailer has the opportunity to sell to a domestic gray market. Our analysis provides interesting and counterintuitive results. First, a classic quantity‐discount contract that normally coordinates the supply chain can perform so poorly in the presence of a gray market that the supply chain would be better off using a wholesale price contract instead. Second, the presence of gray market can also degrade the performance of the wholesale price contract; therefore, a more sophisticated contract is needed for coordinating the supply chain. We show that contracts that solely depend on retailer's order quantity cannot coordinate the supply chain, and provide the conditions for coordinating the supply chain with price‐dependent quantity discount contracts. We also provide comparative statics and show that when there is a gray market, coordinating the supply chain enhances total consumer welfare.     

跨国企业嵌入集群下链与链竞争动态网络模型分析

在产业集群背景下,跨国企业携技术领先优势进入集群,经历从竞争嵌入(斯坦伯格博弈)到融合均衡(古诺博弈)两阶段。基于此,本文研究集群原有供应链在跨国企业嵌入后,形成原供应链与新供应链之间相互竞争,以及最终达到集群整体网络动态均衡的变化过程,通过利用变分不等式和动态博弈方法,建立起考虑汇率下的链与链动态竞争网络模型,并给出相应的算法。通过实例发现,在第一阶段原有集群供应链能保持较高的消费者满意度,且市场占有率高于跨国企业供应链;在第二阶段,跨国企业供应链的市场占有率则反超。更重要的是,在第二阶段集群市场整体销量和整体利润总和均高于第一阶段。     

申屠献忠:抢跑绿色检测 介入新能源产业、推行碳排放管理运动

面对食品安全危机,中粮集团正如履薄冰。这家中国最大的食品生产企业的总裁于旭波认为,"当前食品安全事故频发的深层原因,在于农业和食品链不完整、不稳定。"如何搭建一个完善的全产业链?中粮计划用30-50     

从委托理财收益率看上市公司委托代理问题

本文将委托理财收益率作为研究对象,考察了上市公司的委托代理问题.通过研究发现,"可操控现金"与委托理财收益率显著负相关;若给定"可操控现金",大股东持股比例越高的公司其委托理财收益率越高.这一结果说明,"可操控现金"越多,上市公司的委托代理问题越严重;大股东的持股比例越高,其对管理层代理问题的约束力越强.研究还发现国外同类研究常用的"自由现金流"变量不能捕捉这一现象.