基于人口普查数据匹配视角的婚姻和家庭代际分析

婚姻和家庭作为人类社会的基本组成单元,是分析研究社会变迁的重要切入点。本文利用婚姻代际匹配法对2010年人口普查1‰样本的个体数据进行了加工处理,获得以家庭结构特征为单位的人口信息,从婚姻、家庭代际关系和民族等角度,对人口流动、民族关系和少数民族人口变化等问题进行分析,揭示了我国当前人口变化的一些新态势和新问题。     

上海人口规模增长与城市发展持续性

近年来,随着大城市外来人口的增长,我国部分学者特别是政府决策管理人员对控制大城市人口规模增长呼声日高,甚至已把控制人口规模增长作为实现大城市可持续发展的重要战略.我国大城市人口规模增长是否已成为影响城市可持续发展的制约因素?本文以我国最大城市上海为例,多角度地系统考察和分析了改革开放以来上海人口规模增长与城市发展持续性的关系,发现上海人口规模增长与城市发展持续性总体上是相互促进、互动发展的.而且相对受到严格控制的户籍人口规模增长,受控较弱、相对强势的常住人口的规模增长与城市发展持续性具有更密切的正向互动作用关系.也就是说,本文研究证明:到目前为止,人口规模增长仍是促进我国大城市实现可持续发展的积极因素,或至少没有明显的证据说明人口规模增长已制约我国大城市的可持续发展.     

长期经济增长中的人口因素:武汉的经验

人口控制对改革开放以来的经济增长贡献很大,但并不意味着高经济增长、低人口增长是中国长期经济增长的永恒模式。武汉市1950-2006年的经验表明,在新古典经济增长理论框架下,人口、社会劳动力与GDP始终存在正向关系,而其他变量的影响并不必然为正。人口增长没有拖累经济增长。促就业、保增长可以采取更开放的人口政策。     

西双版纳曼听社区经济发展模式研究

"公司+村寨+农户"发展模式是我国农村社区社会建构、社会发展的新型经济合作模式,这种模式因参与者各方享有的资源不同,决定了他们有着不同的利益诉求,这样的经济利益关系对农村社区的社会变迁、社会发展产生着深刻的影响.西双版纳曼听社区的实证研究对这一问题进行了研究和探讨.     

明清浙江经济结构变迁论

社会变迁是社会系统结构和功能的更替过程,它包括自然环境和人口的变迁、社会制度的变迁、价值观念和生活方式的变迁。而经济结构的变化与发展则是社会变迁的一项重要内容,它给整个社会变迁以决定性的影响。中国传统社会经济结构是以自然经济为基本特征,男耕女织、主副结合、自产自足。但自元末明初以来,由于浙江有着得天独厚的自然条件,加上两宋时期经济、文化大规模建设,对外贸易的开拓以及商品货币经济的发展,浙江区域性的经济结构出现了一些显著的变化。这主要表现在蚕桑棉麻业兴起所引起的农业经营方式的改变以及工商业经济的繁荣兴盛和城市人口的迅速增长。本文拟就这些变迁作些探讨,以期有益于浙江区域社会经济发展史的进一步研究。     

人口控制政策对长期经济增长的影响综述

人口生育政策不是人口增长状况的唯一决定因素,人口增长也不是经济增长的唯一因素.从生育政策到人口增长再到经济增长与发展存在复杂的传导机制.人口控制政策为改革开放以来的经济增长贡献很大,但并不意味着"高经济增长、低人口增长"是中国长期经济增长的永恒模式.从经济学家关于危机和反危机的理论与一些国家的实践经验看,适当的人口增长有利于经济长期处于准繁荣状态,而持续低迷的人口增长不是长期经济增长的福音.     

低生育率时代的中国生育政策调整——基于对低生育率社会经济负效应的分析

人口生育政策不是人口增长状况的唯一决定因素,人口增长也不是经济增长的唯一因素.从生育政策到人口增长再到经济增长与发展存在复杂的传导机制.人口控制政策为改革开放以来的经济增长贡献很大,但并不意味着"高经济增长、低人口增长"是中国长期经济增长的永恒模式.从经济学家关于危机和反危机的理论与一些国家的实践经验看,适当的人口增长有利于经济长期处于准繁荣状态,而持续低迷的人口增长不是长期经济增长的福音.     

人口对气候变化的影响及应对气候变化的人口策略

气候变化本质上是一个社会问题,仅从自然科学角度无法真正认识气候变化的本质.人口和气候变化具有密切关系,除了人口规模之外,人口年龄结构、家庭规模、性别结构、人口城市化等对气候变化都具有重要影响.深刻认识人口和气候变化的关系,有助于重视和发挥人口在应对气候变化中的积极作用.人口应该成为减缓全球气候变化一个重要视角,应该把人口纳入应对气候变化战略框架,把控制人口增长作为应对气候变化的基本策略,发挥城市化在减排中的积极作用,制定针对小型家庭能源节约引导政策,重视年龄结构和发展模式对气候变化的影响,发挥女性在应对气候变化中的积极作用.     

现代海南岛社会变迁及其特征分析

社会变迁是在不断创新、继承与发展的过程中逐步地发生演变的,而且涉及到社会发展的各个方面。从现代海南的社会人口、经济和政治三大方面,研究了海南社会各个时期的演变过程,同时对海南社会变迁的主要特征进行了分析。     

19世纪美国城市人口增长模式初探

19世纪是美国城市化迅速发展时期,城市大量涌现,城市人口持续增长.由于美国国情特殊,其城市人口的增长模式也很独特:1880年之前,大量外国移民的涌入是城市人口增长的主要途径,外国移民奠定了美国城市发展的基础,而本国农村人口向城市的迁徙以及城市人口的自然增长对城市化的影响并不显著.因而,在19世纪相当长的一个时期内,美国城市人口和农村人口都迅速增长,美国人口流动趋势呈现出多向性和交叉性.     

The Conceptual Contours of Sex in the Chinese Life Sciences: Zhu Xi (1899–1962), Hermaphroditism, and the Biological Discourse of Ci and Xiong, 1920–1950

This paper “maps” a number of trajectories through which the conceptual contours of sex could be traced in the bioscientific discourse of Republican China. Focusing on the writings of the embryologist Zhu Xi (1899–1962), I analyze the epistemic functionality of such biological terms as ci (“biological femaleness”) and xiong (“biological maleness”) that acquired an unprecedented scope of cultural discursiveness in China only alongside the arrival of Western biology, which replaced classical learning and natural studies as the authoritative field of inquiry about life. I first show that when Chinese scientists used these terms to describe the sex of biological species, they relied on an epistemological framework of visual knowledge that granted some foundational operative power to a signifying order in which one could know by seeing the differences between ci and xiong (and, ultimately, sexual differences). These two terms’ lexicality and indexicality thus mutually reinforced one another in the production of their semiotic possibilities and epistemo-logicality. I then show that while they adopted ci and xiong as the bioscientific synonyms of the more culturally anthropocentric words such as nü (woman) and nan (man), Chinese biologists also incorporated sophisticated biological theories of sex from Europe and North America, including the theories of “gynandromorphism” and “intersexuality.” The implicit and explicit figurations of hermaphroditism reveal the ways in which at the heart of the entire bioscientific discourse of ci and xiong resides its key conceptual anchor: the human–non-human divide.

重思 “解释世界” 与 “改变世界” 的经典命题

马克思 《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》 第十一条在学界引发了诸多争论, 其焦点在于如何理解 “哲 学家们” 的指涉对象、 马克思是否放弃 “解释世界” 的理论诉求以及 “解释世界” 与 “改变世界” 之间存 在何种关系的问题。 在笔者看来, 探讨 “哲学家们” 的指涉对象理应自觉置于马克思创作 《关于费尔巴哈 的提纲》 的学术背景和时代环境进行考察, 马克思视域中的 “哲学家们” 实际上具体指向某一类人; 在是 否放弃 “解释世界” 的诉求上, 马克思确实舍弃了哲学性质维度的 “解释世界”, 但并没有完全放弃哲学认 知意义上的 “解释世界”; 在 “解释世界” 与 “改变世界” 的关系上, 要结合马克思的思想发展进程以及哲 学观变革的意义予以整体审视。 在新的时代背景下, 重思 《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》 第十一条, 对继承与发 扬马克思的实践哲学精神及其价值旨趣具有重要意义。     

沈从文笔下“女学生”形象文化透视

“女学”、“女学生”是20世纪中国现代性话语体系的能指符码之一。作为“现代性”转喻象征的“女学生”,在沈从文的笔下成了现代性批判的指代,显示了中国妇女解放运动的男性本位特色。作为“他者”形象的女学生,在其听闻传播与成论生成的形式中寓含了其异己性与欲望化特征,在抽象与矛盾描写中显示了其客体化与对象性本质。“女学生”形象在沈从文笔下作为“第三方”话语谱系,折射着乡村对都市的想象、都市对乡村的影响,以及来自乡村、身居都市的作家回望自我与民族来处,对国民性、社会现代化进程的批判与反思。     

Examining Sex Differences in the Use of Direct and Indirect Aggression

Direct and indirect aggressive behaviors were studied using surveys and interviews of students in two public schools. The variables of “sex-of-aggressor” and “sex-of-target” were included. Claims in previous research that girls engage in far more indirect aggression than boys are not supported. Further, it was found that girls are more likely to target the opposite sex with direct aggression than boys. This suggests more gender fluidity in the use of aggression by girls and adds to a growing body of research that dispels the notion that direct and indirect aggression can be neatly sorted into male and female categories of behavior.

The Window of Ritual: Seeing the Intentions and Emotions of ‘Doing’ Gender

My goal in this paper is to revisit interaction ritual theory as a theoretical underpinning of West and Zimmerman’s ‘doing’ gender paradigm in order to develop a more nuanced understanding of what is taking place inside the interactions of men and women as they ‘do’ gender. Recent work in ritual theory, specifically the work of Bell (Ritual theory, ritual practice, 1992) and Collins (Interaction ritual chains, 2004) expands the role of the individual in the ritual process by conceptualizing ritual as a form of ‘practice’ that can be mobilized in the pursuit of emotional energy. Through the narratives of 24 married couples, I explore how domestic labor functions as an interaction ritual that is driven by ‘emotional energy’. This emotional energy shapes the localized intentions of men and women as they ‘do’ gender thus transforming gender into something that we ‘use’ as well as ‘do’. These emotions and intentions can be seen most clearly through a new ‘window’ of ritual.

Subjective Versus Objective Definitions of Homelessness: Are there Differences in Risk Factors among Heavy-Drinking Women?

Investigations with homeless populations have focused on those living on the streets or in shelters; few have examined phenomena based on respondents’ self-definitions as homeless or not. This investigation examined similarities and differences among risk factors (including mental health, substance abuse, religion/spirituality, social support, and risky sexual behaviors) using two definitions of homelessness: one where place of residence defined individuals as homeless (the ‘objective’ or traditional, definition) and another where respondents defined themselves as homeless (the ‘subjective’ definition). Data come from the baseline survey of the NIAAA-funded “Sister-to-Sister” study (n = 339) of heavy-drinking women. Subjectively defined homelessness was associated with higher rates of mental health and substance use disorders, lower rates of condom use, higher rates of trading sex for food, and less social support. Objectively defined homelessness was associated with higher rates of drinking in abandoned buildings, on the streets, and in public restrooms, more new sexual partners, and higher rates of trading sex for heroin and speedballs. Investigations failing to ask for subjective information may misattribute some factors to homelessness which may overestimate the effect of various factors on homelessness. Investigators should ask respondents to define their homelessness, or they lose an important dimension of the concept of homelessness.

载道、言志、缘情的变奏：古典文学批评框架下的新文学观念考察

文以载道、诗言志、诗缘情是中国古典文学批评的核心命题,从道、志、情的内涵来看,载道与缘情一者强调文学对“道”的无条件附属,一者强调文学对主观情感的抒发,构成了相互对立的两极,而诗言志观则是居于两者之间的一个较强包容性的命题。五四作家在社会启蒙与文学本体建构的双重考量下历史性地选择了“言志”的文学观念,一方面展开对“文以载道”与“诗缘情”观的双向批判,另一方面却又吊诡地徘徊于两者之间。“五四”后“言志派”开始了两个方向的分化,一是“志”的个性化色彩逐渐淡化从而走向“载道”;一是“志”的社会责任感消退,逐渐走向“缘情”。“言志派”的分化,是现代文学观念逐步多元化与现代文学学科发展的必然。     

Intersection of Ethnicity,Gender and Class: Oriental Faculty Women in Israel

Ethnicity, gender and class are the major factors of social inequality and have been studied extensively leading to a large literature pertaining to each one of them. The issue of the intersection of ethnicity, gender and class has been introduced into the social sciences by feminist critical theory. Intersection theory postulates that minority groups are discriminated against on the basis of more than one characteristic which are “inextricably tied” leading to complex forms of inequality in various social domains. This study examines the intertwined effects of these factors as they are experienced and narrated by Mizrachi women (19) who are employed in universities and colleges. Although the intersection approach is generally supported by the data it was found that under certain conditions ethnicity, gender and class may be separated. One type of decomposition is when one identity encroaches upon another or others; the second is the separation of diverse identities assigning them to different life areas. These change processes do not support stereotypical dichotomies between Ashkenazi and Mizrachi, women and men and so on, and enable the creation of new hybrid identities.

Sinophiles and Sinophobes in Tokugawa Japan: Politics, Classicism, and Medicine During the Eighteenth Century 十八世紀在德川日本 "頌華者" 和 "貶華者" 的問題 – 以中醫及漢方為主

This article first reviews the political, economic, and cultural context within which Japanese during the Tokugawa era (1600–1866) mastered Kanbun 漢文 as their elite lingua franca. Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges were based on prestigious classical Chinese texts imported from Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) China via the controlled Ningbo-Nagasaki trade and Kanbun texts sent in the other direction, from Japan back to China. The role of Japanese Kanbun teachers in presenting language textbooks for instruction and the larger Japanese adaptation of Chinese studies in the eighteenth century is then contextualized within a new, socio-cultural framework to understand the local, regional, and urban role of the Confucian teacher–scholar in a rapidly changing Tokugawa society. The concluding part of the article is based on new research using rare Kanbun medical materials in the Fujikawa Bunko 富士川文庫 at Kyoto University, which show how some increasingly iconoclastic Japanese scholar–physicians (known as the Goiha 古醫派) appropriated the late Ming and early Qing revival of interest in ancient Chinese medicine rather than continue to follow more recent Song-Jin-Yuan 宋金元 medical practices (Goseiha 後世派) based on Song interpretations of the Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 (Yellow Emperor’s inner classic). This group favored ancient treatment formulae and empirically based diagnoses, which drew on the Shanghan lun 傷寒論 (Treatise of Cold Damage Disorders) as a medical text and Zhang Zhongjing 張仲景 as a pioneering physician. Although many Japanese physicians favored Western medicine (transmitted via Dutch Learning 蘭學) over Chinese medicine in the mid-nineteenth century, most in the mid- and late-eighteenth century focused on mastering classical Chinese, and then Ming and Qing medical books entering Nagasaki from China. These new, critical currents of Chinese medicine in Japan provided the impetus later for growing Japanese interest in Dutch Learning and modern Western medicine.

Understanding the Complexity of Alcohol-Related Intimate Partner Violence in the Lives of Hispanic Men Who Have Sex with Men: Methodological Issues and Considerations

The purpose of this paper is to highlight methodological issues and considerations which will be of use to researchers interested in further understanding the complexity of intimate partner violence in the lives of Hispanic men who have sex with men. We present a brief review of the research on intimate partner violence which highlights intersections of health and behavior risk factors (i.e., alcohol-related-intimate-partner-violence and HIV/AIDS risk) pertaining to gender, ethnicity, and sexuality in this population of males. We then present the reader with a synthesis and critique of several methodological concerns relevant to furthering research in this area including: locating participants, considerations of the impact of local cultural contexts, and impact of researcher positionality. Research recommendations for addressing intimate partner violence as a complex public health concern embedded in “hidden populations” conclude the paper.