科技创新促进上海区县转型发展研究

县域经济处于国民经济与社会发展的最基层,是省(市)域经济的有机组成部分,而县域科技则是县域经济发展的主要动力源,县域科技进步在根本上决定了县域经济、社会发展的速度和质量.就上海而言,区县科技是全市科技的活力之源和实力之基,全市科技实力的提升有赖于各区县科技能力的增强.“十二五”时期是上海实现创新驱动、转型发展的关键时期,也是上海落实中长期科技发展规划纲要的攻坚克难期.区县是上海创新驱动的活力之源,也是上海转型发展的主战场.增强区县科技创新实力,促进区县创新发展,真正发挥区县在创新驱动、转型发展中的主动性和能动性,既是上海科技发展的内在要求,又是上海经济、社会发展的战略需要.     

政府投入对高新技术产业发展的影响——基于不同行业视角下的研究

政府在高新技术产业发展中扮演重要角色，财政科技投入是促进高新技术产业发展的主要动力。本文从高技术产业的不同行业出发，研究政府科技投入与不同行业产值的关系。通过分析认为，在现阶段，政府是推动我国高技术产业发展的主要动力，但政府科技投入在投入结构安排上应根据不同行业的高技术产业特点而有所不同。     

在稳中求进中蓄积上海科技发展后劲——2012年上海科技创新述评与2013年展望

2012年,上海科技产出稳步增加、企业创新能力加快提升、科技产业发展提速、创新资源加速集聚、创新环境持续优化、科技创新综合实力逐步增强,为创新驱动转型发展积蓄了新动力。2013年,上海发展所面临的国际、国内环境都将更趋复杂,形势将更加严峻,上海科技发展必须深入研究新情况、顺应新形势、融入新格局、把握新机遇、迎接新挑战,在积极推动城市转型发展中实现新提升。     

知识的空间溢出效应与溢出结构研究——以上海市区县为实证

知识具有外溢性,其可以使落后地区学习和借鉴发达地区相关的知识溢出成果。在上海这样的大都市,区县是否存在知识的高地或洼地?城市内部的知识溢出效果如何?根据区域知识的存量属性及其与邻近空间的相关性,分析知识的空间溢出,并基于技术相似度定量分析区域间知识的关联性,建立了5种知识溢出模式。对上海市17个区县的知识传播的溢出状况进行了分析,发现上海市中心城区的知识溢出依赖于科技投入,而周边地带的知识溢出呈现基于开发区以点带面的模式,其中徐汇区、闵行区、浦东新区作为科技投入以及开发区创新的优势地带,对周边的知识溢出起到了巨大的带动作用。通过上海市知识溢出结构分析,对解决现存问题和推动上海科技发展提出建议。     

上海国际科技创新中心新一轮发展战略研究

上海国际科技创新中心新一轮发展要围绕高水平科技自立自强,按照“四个面向”“四个新”“四个第一”的工作要求,以“筑基、垒台、立柱、架梁”的战略思维,加快推进国际科技创新中心建设的创新基础培育、创新条件建设、创新体制机制构建和创新体系能力形成,加快构筑新阶段上海创新发展的战略优势,加快实现国际科技创新中心功能全面升级,为我国进入创新型国家前列提供坚实支撑。     

农业科技投入与农业经济发展的实证研究

农业作为第一产业,对我国的经济发展有着重大的影响。随着科学技术的进步,实现现代化农业成为发展的新目标。然而,想要提高农业的科技水平,更多取决于国家财政对农业科技的投入。现阶段,为了提高我国农业经济的发展,必须以农业科技的投入为前提,改善农业发展的科技环境,完善农业经济服务体系,实现农业现代化的突破。     

关于上海科技服务业发展环境的调研

近年来,上海科技创新体系总体呈现良好发展态势。但现阶段仍然存在着科技成果转化率低、科技成果转化供需双方两头冷的现象。究其原因,地区科技服务业发展相对滞后是一个重要原因。总体来看,上海虽已初步形成了科技创新服务体系,但科技服务能力的疲软仍是阻碍创新型城市和创新型国家的建设的短板。上海应逐步调整科技服务业的发展路径,将科技服务业列入现代服务业的主要产业来培育,进一步优化科技服务业市场化运作环境,有效激发其活力,从而提升上海城市综合服务功能和自主创新能力。     

日本的科技人才战略

面对激烈而严峻的人才竞争形势，日本总务省、文部科学省和经团联分别于2002年5月、9月和2003年3月对日本的公共科技系统和企业科研系统进行了全面调查。三份调查报告均认为，日本的科技竞争力面临严峻挑战，部分学科的领先优势正在减弱，科技投入的效益已呈下降态势，而造成这一状况的主要原因是科技人才的量与质的不足。     

积极培育科技"小巨人"助推"第三增长极"快速成长

一、天津发展科技型中小企业的重大意义 科技型中小企业是指拥有一定科技人员,掌握自主知识产权、专有技术或先进知识,通过科技投入开展创新活动,提供产品或服务的中小企业。     

坚持需求导向,为解决大都市问题提供科技支撑——解读《东京都产业科学技术振兴指南》

日本自1995年颁布《科学技术基本法》之后,正式将科技创新作为立国之策,开始实施5年一期的《科学技术基本计划》。日本各县也推出了相应的科技振兴指南。其中,东京都作为日本的首都地区和经济中心,10年来发布了3期《产业科学技术振兴指南》。东京都指南与上海5年科技规划有诸多相似之处,研究解读东京都第3期《指南》,对上海编制"十三五"科技规划具有借鉴意义:即政府在促进科技创新中的角色定位要进一步明确,科技规划要着眼于城市发展重点需求,科技规划要注重体系化的设计。     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.