中国共产党与权力总量

权力总量与权力结构、制度化水平和政治体系的开放程度有关。只有权力结构处于均衡状态、政治体系内部各权力主体之间制度化程度较高以及政治体系保持开放的状态 ,权力才会保持最大量。中国共产党在社会主义革命和社会主义建设时期 ,都成功地创造了权力运行的良好政治环境 ,这与她合理地处理好影响权力总量的几个要素及其相互关系密不可分 ;同时 ,中国共产党在新形势下自觉地进行政治变革 ,使得权力总量始终保持着增量发展的态势 ,这也是中国共产党保持强大生命力的重要原因。     

Between dollarization and exchange rate volatility: Nigeria's portfolio diversification option

This paper investigates the relationship between nominal exchange rate volatility and dollarization in Nigeria by applying Granger causality test for the period 1986 (1)–2003 (4). Previous theoretical and empirical studies on this issue provided conflicting results. The empirical results of Granger causality test support a bi-directional relationship. However, causality from dollarization to exchange rate volatility appears stronger and dominates. This suggests that policies that aim to reduce exchange rate volatility in Nigeria must include measures that specifically address the issue of dollarization. An important factor in this case is the supply of sufficient domestic currency assets that would permit portfolio diversification and capable of dousing negative expectations about future inflation in the country.     

基层权力运作的逻辑:上海社区实地研究

摘要：城市社区具有自身独特的权力运作逻辑,这一逻辑存在于行动者之间的互动过程之中。本研究选择居民委员会作为切入点,通过考察居委书记、居委委员、居委干事与其他组织的成员、居民区积极分子、普通居民以及某些特殊群体之间的互动过程,对城市社区权力运作或互动过程及其背后的逻辑展开分析。研究发现,在与不同群体的交往过程中,居委会工作者展示出了多种形态的权力,包括人情交往的权力、半科层化的权力、资源交换的权力、组织合作的权力和各种策略性的权力等,并最终概括出城市社区权力运作的五种逻辑,即依附逻辑、协商合作逻辑、精英主导逻辑、人情逻辑和服务交换逻辑。     

The Bicameral Postulates and Indices of a Priori Voting Power

If K is an index of relative voting power for simple voting games, the bicameral postulate requires that the distribution of K -power within a voting assembly, as measured by the ratios of the powers of the voters, be independent of whether the assembly is viewed as a separate legislature or as one chamber of a bicameral system, provided that there are no voters common to both chambers. We argue that a reasonable index – if it is to be used as a tool for analysing abstract, uninhabited decision rules – should satisfy this postulate. We show that, among known indices, only the Banzhaf measure does so. Moreover, the Shapley–Shubik, Deegan–Packel and Johnston indices sometimes witness a reversal under these circumstances, with voter x less powerful than y when measured in the simple voting game G₁ , but more powerful than y when G₁ is bicamerally joined with a second chamber G₂ . Thus these three indices violate a weaker, and correspondingly more compelling, form of the bicameral postulate. It is also shown that these indices are not always co-monotonic with the Banzhaf index and that as a result they infringe another intuitively plausible condition – the price monotonicity condition. We discuss implications of these findings, in light of recent work showing that only the Shapley–Shubik index, among known measures, satisfies another compelling principle known as the bloc postulate. We also propose a distinction between two separate aspects of voting power: power as share in a fixed purse (P-power) and power as influence (I-power).     

A comparison of non-transferable utility values

Three values for non-transferable utility games -- the Harsanyi NTU-value, the Shapley NTU-value, and the Maschler--Owen consistent NTU-value -- are compared in a simple example.     

The explanatory and predictive power of non two-stage-probability theories of decision making under ambiguity

Representing ambiguity in the laboratory using a Bingo Blower (which is transparent and not manipulable) and asking the subjects a series of allocation questions, we obtain data from which we can estimate by maximum likelihood methods (with explicit assumptions about the errors made by the subjects) a significant subset of particular parameterisations of the empirically relevant models of behaviour under ambiguity, and compare their relative explanatory and predictive abilities. Our results suggest that not all recent models of behaviour represent a major improvement in explanatory and predictive power, particularly the more theoretically sophisticated ones.     

略论罗伯特·基欧汉的“权力”思想

"权力"是罗伯特·基欧汉国际政治理论中的重要内容,与现实主义的"权力"理论不同,罗伯特·基欧汉的"权力"思想不是建立在无政府状态的"均势"基础上,而是以相互依赖为分析框架,罗伯特·基欧汉的"权力"思想既包括了"硬权力",也包括了"软权力";既包括了有形的物质力量,也包括无形的非物质力量;基欧汉的"权力"思想,揭示了"权力"的最终目的是国家的经济利益。因此,罗伯特·基欧汉的"权力"思想是对现实主义"权力"理论的重要补充。     

Repercussions of exchange rate depreciation on the economy of Pakistan: Simulation analysis using macroeconometric model

Expansionary and contractionary effects of exchange rate shock in developing economies has been the subject of an extensive debate but the results are inconclusive. This study has been conducted to examine the repercussions of unexpected exchange rate depreciation in the Pakistan economy. Unlike the previous literature, this study utilizes a fairly large macroeconometric model constructed on the basis of Cowles Commission structural approach. The study explores that expansionary effect of exchange rate depreciation explained by the traditional theories of open economy macroeconomics persists only for one fiscal year but these theories don’t work in the long-run as contractionary phase starts in the subsequent years. Monetary and fiscal authorities are not neutral and contractionary policy is taken in response to depreciation which pushes the economy into recession. Stagflationary effects are clearly observed. However, improvement in foreign sector prolongs for a number of years and policy makers would have to face a trade-off between opposite response of output and current account balance. Hence, unexpected depreciation generates sharp cyclical fluctuations on demand which immediately transmit to supply side of the economy. In line with the views of “New Structuralists”, exchange rate depreciation may be considered as a source of shock rather than shock absorber in the case of Pakistan economy. Although this study is specifically estimated for the Pakistan economy, authors believe that their methodological contributions and results are of wider importance for policy makers in developing countries.     

Axiomatization of a class of share functions for n-person games

The Shapley value is the unique value defined on the class of cooperative games in characteristic function form which satisfies certain intuitively reasonable axioms. Alternatively, the Banzhaf value is the unique value satisfying a different set of axioms. The main drawback of the latter value is that it does not satisfy the efficiency axiom, so that the sum of the values assigned to the players does not need to be equal to the worth of the grand coalition. By definition, the normalized Banzhaf value satisfies the efficiency axiom, but not the usual axiom of additivity.In this paper we generalize the axiom of additivity by introducing a positive real valued function on the class of cooperative games in characteristic function form. The so-called axiom of -additivity generalizes the classical axiom of additivity by putting the weight (v) on the value of the gamev . We show that any additive function determines a unique share function satisfying the axioms of efficient shares, null player property, symmetry and -additivity on the subclass of games on which is positive and which contains all positively scaled unanimity games. The axiom of efficient shares means that the sum of the values equals one. Hence the share function gives the shares of the players in the worth of the grand coalition. The corresponding value function is obtained by multiplying the shares with the worth of the grand coalition. By defining the function appropiately we get the share functions corresponding to the Shapley value and the Banzhaf value. So, for both values we have that the corresponding share functions belong to this class of share functions. Moreover, it shows that our approach provides an axiomatization of the normalized Banzhaf value. We also discuss some other choices of the function and the corresponding share functions. Furthermore we consider the axiomatization on the subclass of monotone simple games.     

中国城市居民委员会的工作比较研究：上海与沈阳

居委会作为街道办事处“派出机构”的角色在客观上已经凌驾于“群众性自治组织”的法律定位之上。相应地,居委会工作人员在长期担当政府代理人角色的路径依赖之下,主观上已经把与社区发展息息相关的日常政务工作建构为社区内部事务。因此,社区建设的实质是基层社会治理结构的建设,它需要国家力量给基层社会的自我运作让渡出一定的空间,而要实现这一目标,关键性的基本前提是政府职能部门的基层管理和服务工作一定要到位,创造性的制度变革是顺应不同性质组织功能的要求,构建“社区建设指导委员会（政府）-社区管理委员会（社会联合体）-社区工作者（专业服务组织）-社区居委会（自治性组织）”的社区治理结构体系。     

Global imbalances, exchange rates adjustment and the crisis: Implications from network analysis

The persistence of global imbalances remains a potential source of instability for the international economic system, which ought to be tackled in order to exit from the current crisis in a better position. This paper shows that the complexity of the global network of trade imbalances has increased over time in terms of the number of countries involved and of the heterogeneity of their conditions. These findings imply that orchestrating a global exchange rate adjustment plan, as done in the 1980s to tackle a similar problem, is certainly more difficult than it was 20 years ago. We also show, however, that the uncoordinated movements in bilateral exchange rates occurred since the early 2000s did not go in the direction of reducing bilateral imbalances. Rebalancing the world economy, thus, seems to require a rich set of coordinated policy actions and economic changes, involving adjustments in both exchange rates and real variables, which are heterogeneous at the country level. We argue that, provided some conditions are satisfied, the variegated effects of the ongoing financial crisis, and the policy responses this has induced, may help the global and bilateral rebalancing process.     

The Stability and Change of Value Structure and Priorities in Childhood: A Longitudinal Study

This longitudinal study explores the stability and change of values in childhood. Children's values were measured in Poland three times (with one‐year intervals) using the Picture Based Values Survey (PBVS‐C; Döring, Blauensteiner, Aryus, Drögekamp, & Bilsky, 2010), developed to measure values differentiated according to the circular model of Schwartz (1992). 801 children (divided into 5 cohorts aged 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 years at the first measurement occasion) completed the PBVS‐C three times on a yearly basis. Separate analyses were performed for each cohort using the data of the three measurement occasions. Multidimensional scaling revealed that, in children, Schwartz's (1992) circular structure of values is stable and does not change over time. Although priorities of values displayed moderate stability over time, the means changed between the ages of 7 and 11 years. Specifically, latent growth curve modeling revealed changes in children's values hierarchy as indicated by the decrease in the mean level of conservation values and the increase in the mean level of openness to change values. Self‐transcendence and self‐enhancement also changed in different directions. As indicated by mean levels over time, self‐transcendence first increased in importance, slightly decreased, and finally increased again. In contrast, self‐enhancement first decreased in importance, then increased, and finally began to decrease again.     

The Multilinear Extension and the Symmetric Coalition Banzhaf Value

Alonso-Meijide and Fiestras-Janeiro (2002, Annals of Operations Research 109, 213–227) proposed a modification of the Banzhaf value for games where a coalition structure is given. In this paper we present a method to compute this value by means of the multilinear extension of the game. A real-world numerical example illustrates the application procedure. MSC (2000) Classification: 91A12     

The politics of community arts: quilting the power and identity of women

This article attempts to articulate and re-validate the unique social contributions of marginalized and working women to their communities and to society-at-large, contributions which tend to be obscured if not forgotten, given the global dynamics of exclusion as they are at work in the capitalist society of Hong Kong. It looks at how a group of disenfranchised women workers renegotiate their identity, reclaim their dignity and regenerate social power through a community arts project ‘Quilting the Power and Identity’; that is, how through these creative but powerful actions, their transformation from a transient state of imposed victimhood into active agency could be made possible.     

Asymmetric price rigidity and the optimal interest rate defense of the exchange rate: Some evidence for the US

This paper analyses the optimal monetary policy under incomplete exchange rate pass-through and asymmetric price rigidity. In a general equilibrium sticky price model of an open economy we find that the optimal interest rate rule is to respond to all types of shocks in an economy: real exchange rate shocks, supply shocks and demand shocks. We concentrate our analysis on the interest rate defense of the currency. We claim that the extent of the optimal response of the interest rate to exchange rate shocks depends positively on the degree of pass-through and negatively on price rigidity. Therefore, in the presence of asymmetric price rigidity, the optimal monetary policy should be non-linear, and the interest rate should be adjusted more in case of depreciation of the domestic currency than in case of its appreciation by the same magnitude due to higher downward price rigidity and lower downward pass-through, which are observed empirically. We test this prediction for the US economy and find that the US monetary policy is asymmetric indeed with higher reaction of the interest rate to depreciations of US dollar than to appreciations of the same size.     

论公共权力的宗旨和合法性

公共权力以维护公共利益为宗旨,实现公共利益离不开公民对公共生活的参与及其道德能力的发挥。公共权力要获得合法性,就必须履行其宗旨,并在合理的政治秩序下,依靠公共证明来为自己做辩护。     

An ontology of power and leadership

In this article I draw upon the social ontologies developed by John Searle, Roy Bhaskar, Margaret Archer and Tony Lawson in order to distinguish between power and leadership. To do so, I distinguish the different organizing principles behind natural phenomena, collective phenomena and institutional phenomena, and argue that an understanding of those different organizing principles is essential to a clearer conceptualization of power and leadership. Natural power and cultural power, as I argue, depend upon the organizing principles of natural phenomena, and differ depending on whether those organizing principles have been transformed by humans, in which case it becomes cultural power, or not, in which case it simply is natural power. Leadership emerges with the ability of making other humans share mental states through collective intentionality. Institutional power, in contrast, is connected to the creation of a deontology of rights and obligations that provide what Searle calls desire‐independent reasons for action.     

维权行动和基层民主参与——以B市商品房业主为例

本文将讨论公民维权活动和基层民主的关系。现有文献认为,对居民来说,居委会选举通常没有太大的实际意义。然而作者在田野调查中发现,在住房市场化改革中成长起来的商品房业主阶层,在产权利益经常遭受侵犯的情况下,会想尽一切办法来保护自己的权益。参选居委会成为业主保护权益的一种方式,尤其是当基层政府和居委会对业主的维权进行干涉的时候。〖JP2〗本文将简要介绍作者通过滚雪球方式调查的19个小区的整体情况和一般性的趋势,并通过3个案例来具体讨论商品房业主制度性参与的维权方式,展现其内在的机制。笔者认为,业主的制度性参与,一方面有利于业主维权,另一方面也使居委会选举变得更具实际意义,有可能促进基层政府依法办事。     

司法哲学的本相

司法哲学是法官涉及法律、司法和法治认知的一套综合性理念和思维,而决定法官司法哲学的是其司法权认知。传统的司法权认知主张法官无意志,是消极主义和保守主义司法哲学的理论基础和政制理念;现代司法权认知主张法官有意志,认为司法权系一种权力存在,积极主义和进步主义司法哲学就建立在此认知基础之上。司法哲学与司法价值中立之间存在紧张关系,法官应尽可能地适用消极主义和保守主义司法哲学,除非迫不得已,否则当以克制适用积极主义和进步主义司法哲学为司法哲学之基本要义和最高原则。     

国有企业中层管理者的作用与企业权力结构

目前国有企业中层管理者难以充分发挥作用的原因为领导者缺乏正确的权力观,越权干涉、重放权和轻考核等.权力结构是企业中层管理者充分发挥作用的关键,充分发挥国有企业中层管理者的作用,必须在管理岗位上引入竞争机制,改革管理模式,以交流轮岗的形式合理配置人才资源,加强培训教育的力度,通过健全监督机制,规范管理者的职务行为.