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1.
W. A. V. Clark 《Population research and policy review》1988,7(3):113-121
A re-examination of the literature on the factors which influence residential segregation in American cities emphasizes the
complexity of the factors involved in generating patterns of separation in urban areas and the necessity of considering more
than any single factor in order to understand those patterns. In addition, recent on-going research on residential transition,
white flight, and the demographics of school attendance area change further emphasizes the declining importance of public
and overt private discrimination. Although private discrimination has not been eliminated from society, it cannot be relied
on as a total and unambiguous explanation for the patterns that we observe within metropolitan areas.
I would like to thank Tony Pascal for his advice and comments. 相似文献
2.
W. A. V. Clark 《Population research and policy review》1986,5(2):95-127
Significant levels of separation between blacks and whites still exist in large American cities, and debate about the causes of that residential separation has been considerable. A balanced analysis of the factors that might explain residential segregation - economic status (affordability), social preferences, urban structure, and discrimination - suggests that no one factor can account for the patterns that have arisen in U.S. metropolitan areas. Empirical estimation of the impact of economic status suggests that 30–70 percent of racial separation is attributable to economic factors. However, economic factors do not act alone, but in association explanatory weight for present residential patterns. Survey evidence from both national and local studies shows that black households prefer neighborhoods that are half black and half white, while whites prefer neighborhoods ranging from 0 to 30 percent black.The debate about causes seems most polarized over the role of discrimination. Although comments in the literature often focus on the past use of racially restrictive covenants by state-regulated agencies and discriminatory acts by realtors and financial institutions, the documented individual cases of discrimination do not appear to be part of a massive collusion to deny housing opportunities to minorities. A review of the evidence from social science investigations demonstrates that there are multiple causes of racial residential separation in U.S. metropolitan areas.An earlier version of this paper was presented to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, D.C., November 12, 1985. 相似文献
3.
W. A. V. Clark 《Population research and policy review》1989,8(2):193-197
Despite the intensity of the recent debate between Clark and Galster, there is considerable agreement that there are multiple forces which create the patterns of residential separation found in American cities, and that government or public discrimination plays a minor role. The differences between Clark and Galster relate to the relative weight to be given to private discrimination and the role of preferences in explaining the patterns of racial separation. The actual weight to be given to private discrimination is yet to be specified. 相似文献
4.
5.
George Galster 《Population research and policy review》1988,7(2):93-112
Clark (1986) has reviewed evidence on the causes of racial residential segregation in American cities and has concluded that
economic factors, job locations, preferences, and information bear the predominant explanatory weight; private acts of housing
discrimination carry little weight. This article argues that Clark's conclusions are erroneous because they are based on a
selective and incorrect interpretation of the evidence available to him and because more recent studies provide strong evidence
to the contrary. 相似文献
6.
George Galster 《Population research and policy review》1988,7(3):93-112
Clark (1986) has reviewed evidence on the causes of racial residential segregation in American cities and has concluded that
economic factors, job locations, preferences, and information bear the predominant explanatory weight; private acts of housing
discrimination carry little weight. This article argues that Clark's conclusions are erroneous because they are based on a
selective and incorrect interpretation of the evidence available to him and because more recent studies provide strong evidence
to the contrary. 相似文献
7.
We merge metropolitan-level measures of racial discrimination in housing markets derived from two national housing audit studies, along with tract-level 1980 census data, with the 1979-1985 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the impact of housing discrimination on patterns of residential mobility between neighborhoods of varying racial composition. We find no evidence that housing discrimination in the metropolitan area impedes African Americans' mobility into whiter neighborhoods. Contrary to expectations, in multivariate analyses based on black movers, the level of housing discrimination is positively associated with the percentage of the population that is white in the tract of destination. Housing discrimination against African Americans is positively associated with the rate at which mobile white households move into whiter census tracts. These findings imply that eliminating racial discrimination by real estate and rental agents will fail to increase black residential mobility into racially-mixed and predominantly white neighborhoods. For both black and white households, life-cycle factors, such as age, children, and home ownership, impede mobility out of the current neighborhood. Conditional upon moving, socioeconomic resources, such as education and income, facilitate mobility into whiter neighborhoods. 相似文献
8.
A survey of recent research on race and residential location 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article reviews the post-1975 theoretical and empirical research on race and residential location in metropolitan areas of the United States. We interrelate the main themes of recent research, focusing on the causes and consequences of racial residential segregation. Racial prejudice and discrimination, black suburbanization, school segregation, labor market discrimination, and city/surburban environmental differentials are among the issues examined. 相似文献
9.
A comparative study of ethnic residential segregation in Ghana’s two largest cities,Accra and Kumasi
The rate of urbanization is far more rapid in sub-Saharan Africa than in any other major region of the world. However, little
is known about patterns of ethnic residential segregation in rapidly urbanizing African cities. This paper is crafted to make
an important contribution through its focus on Ghana’s two largest cities: Accra and Kumasi. Making use of the most recent
population and housing census data of 2000 to generate a Location Quotient index, the analyses explore the cities’ degree
of ethnic diversity and concentration for comparative purposes. In relative terms, the study reveals that the level of residential
ethnic segregation is fairly balanced in Accra compared to Kumasi. However, there are important differences between the findings
of this Ghanaian case study and findings from research in the West, where the residential segregation is heavily determined
by cultural/racial factors in addition to socio-economic factors. In the absence of institutional and ethnic discrimination,
the most fundamental underlying cause of segregation in the Ghanaian case appears to be the socio-economic circumstance of
ethnic groups present in the cities. The paper concludes by exploring the implications of the study for urban and national
development in Ghana as well as the future patterns of ethnic clustering likely to emerge in Accra and Kumasi. 相似文献
10.
We used metropolitan-level data from the 2000 U.S. census to analyze the hypersegregation of four groups from whites: blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans. While blacks were hypersegregated in 29 metropolitan areas and Hispanics were hypersegregated in 2, Asians and Native Americans were not hypersegregated in any. There were declines in the number of metropolitan areas with black hypersegregation, although levels of segregation experienced by blacks remained significantly higher than those of the other groups, even after a number of factors were controlled. Indeed, although socioeconomic differences among the groups explain some of the difference in residential patterns more generally, they have little association with hypersegregation in particular, indicating the overarching salience of race in shaping residential patterns in these highly divided metropolitan areas. 相似文献
11.
Kevin H. C. Cheng David R. Phillips Oi-Ling Siu Anthony G. O. Yeh 《Social indicators research》2014,119(1):295-319
This study seeks to understand the residential adjustment process by examining patterns and rates of adjustment of older people. Research to date has reported that circumstantial and individual factors affect adjustment after residential relocation and various patterns of adjustment can occur. A representative sample of Hong Kong respondents aged 60 years or over was selected with the help of areal sampling and the use of a geographical information system analysis. The results showed that overall, many older persons experience a J-pattern (or linear pattern) of adjustment. Many who relocated to new towns were better adjusted from an early period. Conversely, those relocated to or within old urban areas adjusted at a slower rate and an ultimately lower level. The results provide grounds for optimism about older persons’ resilience with regard to relocation-related stress and some guidance for planners and policy makers. 相似文献
12.
Scott McKinney 《Population research and policy review》1989,8(2):143-164
In contrast to the 1960s, the decade of the 1970s witnessed substantial progress in integrating residential neighborhoods in metropolitan areas. This progress was due to the redistribution of the black population toward middle- and high-income census tracts, areas more integrated than those left behind. Econometric analysis suggests that younger, higher income blacks played an important part in this redistribution; that residential integration was positively related to metropolitan area population size and black population income inequality; and that integration was negatively related to white prejudice, especially in strongly ethnic communities. Public sector discrimination, not strongly related to either a preceived threat from the black population or to fiscal considerations, seems to have slowed the pace of integration significantly. 相似文献
13.
The geographic scale of Metropolitan racial segregation 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Reardon SF Matthews SA O'Sullivan D Lee BA Firebaugh G Farrell CR Bischoff K 《Demography》2008,45(3):489-514
This article addresses an aspect of racial residential segregation that has been largely ignored in prior work: the issue
of geographic scale. In some metropolitan areas, racial groups are segregated over large regions, with predominately white
regions, predominately black regions, and so on, whereas in other areas, the separation of racial groups occurs over much
shorter distances. Here we develop an approach—featuring the segregation profile and the corresponding macro/micro segregation
ratio—that offers a scale-sensitive alternative to standard methodological practice for describing segregation. Using this
approach, we measure and describe the geographic scale of racial segregation in the 40 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in
2000. We find considerable heterogeneity in the geographic scale of segregation patterns across both metropolitan areas and
racial groups, a heterogeneity that is not evident using conventional “aspatial” segregation measures. Moreover, because the
geographic scale of segregation is only modestly correlated with the level of segregation in our sample, we argue that geographic
scale represents a distinct dimension of residential segregation. We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications
of our findings for investigating the patterns, causes, and consequences of residential segregation at different geographic
scales. 相似文献
14.
Vivian Z. Klaff 《Population research and policy review》1982,1(3):259-282
Research on school desegregation in U.S. cities has focused on the issues of white flight and the potential for racial residential integration of segregated neighborhoods. There is also concern over the effectiveness of a metropolitan desegregation plan for racial integration as against a plan which encompasses only the central city of urban areas. This paper deals with a court-ordered metropolitan school desegregation plan in New Castle County, Delaware. The method used is an examination of 602 small geographic areas (grids); the objective is to examine the extent of residential out-migration of students from the central city and to examine whether there is any tendency toward racial residential integration in the county. Evidence suggests (a) that the central city grids are retaining white students but losing black students and (b) that the level of racial segregation of suburban neighborhoods is not declining.We conclude from preliminary data that with each succeeding year, internal relocation, rather than moves to private school and out-migration from the metropolitan area, will be the major characteristic of student redistribution. If this is the case, the extent to which intra-system relocation results in racially integrated and stable neighborhoods should be a major research and policy focus. 相似文献
15.
The analysis of in-migration streams and subareal residential mobility patterns for moves made between 1965 and 1970in SMSAs in the East South Central and South Atlantic census divisions indicates that, despite their historical contexts, these metropolitan areas now show spatial differentiation patterns similar to those of the great cities of the Northeast. The white population has increased in ring areas primarily because of in-migration rates; the black population in the central cities has increased primarily because of in-migration rates to those subareas. Little variation in these patterns across SMSA size categories was apparent. 相似文献
16.
Determining whether population dynamics provide competing explanations to place effects for observed geographic patterns of population health is critical for understanding health inequality. We focus on the working-age population—the period of adulthood when health disparities are greatest—and analyze detailed data on residential mobility collected for the first time in the 2000 U.S. census. Residential mobility over a five-year period is frequent and selective, with some variation by race and gender. Even so, we found little evidence that mobility biases cross-sectional snapshots of local population health. Areas undergoing large or rapid population growth or decline may be exceptions. Overall, place of residence is an important health indicator; yet, the frequency of residential mobility raises questions of interpretation from etiological or policy perspectives, complicating simple understandings that residential exposures alone explain the association between place and health. Psychosocial stressors related to contingencies of social identity associated with being black, urban, or poor in the United States may also have adverse health impacts that track with structural location even with movement across residential areas. 相似文献
17.
Zakir Husain 《Journal of Population Research》2011,28(4):325-352
Researchers in demography, the labour market and health have observed that North Indian women face greater discrimination
than women in other zones. This study examines whether a similar pattern is replicated with respect to completion of school
education. We find that gender disparities are higher in northern states in rural areas. In urban areas, however, eastern
states display greater disparities. This is also confirmed if we control for household traits, community characteristics and
the regional context. However, when we decompose the differences in probability of completing school education across gender,
the contribution of the control variables is found to be insignificant, relative to that of the coefficient effect (which
is sometimes put forward as a measure of discrimination) in both rural and urban areas of Eastern India. The divergence in
regional pattern of gender disparity from patterns observed for demographic and health indicators shows that gender discrimination
is a complex multilayered phenomenon and the interaction between these layers may assume unexpected forms. 相似文献
18.
In recent years demographic researchers have devoted considerable attention to two topics: (1) migration to the sun belt and (2) racial and economic transformation of neighborhoods. This study addresses both, and develops a theoretical and analytical model to test the relationship of intra-urban and inter-urban migration patterns as they relate to race and social class. The study measures and analyzes patterns of racial and economic transition in neighborhoods for two Oklahoma SMSAs. Comparisons are made between differential degrees of residential segregation accounted for by in-migrants, utilizing U.S. Census tracts for 1970 and 1980. The model, once specified and evaluated, demonstrates that patterns and factors traditionally associated with residential segregation may have less relevance forsun belt cities in the coming decades. 相似文献
19.
This paper is a preliminary report on an ecological analysis of recent changes in the spatial distribution of socioeconomic strata within 363 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (or substituted units) in the United States. The central hypothesis guiding the study is that certain population subgroups in and around the larger urban areas are shifting their residential locations in predictable directions. Changes in the distribution of educational classes between the central city (or cities) and their surrounding rings from 1950 to 1960 are traced by using census data. A special feature of the analysis is the inclusion of 163 "lquasi-metropolitan areas" centered on cities that had 25,000-50,000 inhabitants in 1960.The initial results indicate that residential redistribution according to "social class" is occurring in all these metropolitan areas and that the pattern of change varies systematically. Regional differences are pronounced, and, as prior research has suggested, age of the city and population size appear to be important factors. The percent of adults in the high school and college categories in the rings of older and larger metropolitan areas generally increased disproportionately compared to the central cities. A variety of patterns of change, however, occurred among the younger and smaller metropolitan areas.Subsequent analyses will include (a) alternative methods of controlling color and regional location, (b) other measures of the independent and dependent variables used here, and (c) a multivariate approach to the problem of identifying and assessing the explanatory power of additional independent variables (including population growth, the over-all rate of decentralization, annexation history, economic base, and the character of the ring). The extent as well as the direction of change will also be investigated. Finally, the feasibility of quantifying an "evolutionary sequence" in the distribution of social classes will also receive attention. 相似文献
20.
This article examines the ways in which mixed-nativity marriage is related to spatial assimilation in metropolitan areas of
the United States. Specifically, we examine the residential patterns of households with a mixed-nativity—and, in some cases,
interracial—marriage to determine whether they are less segregated from the native-born than entirely foreign-born households.
Using restricted-use data from the 2000 census, we find that compared with couples in which both spouses are foreign-born,
mixed-nativity couples tend to be less segregated from various native-born racial and ethnic groups. Further, among both foreign-born
Asians and Hispanics, those with a native-born non-Hispanic white spouse are considerably less segregated from native-born
white households than from other foreign-born Asian and Hispanic households. We also find that even though nativity status
matters for black couples in a manner consistent with assimilation theory, foreign-born and mixed-nativity black households
still each display very high levels of segregation from all other native-born racial/ethnic groups, reaffirming the power
of race in determining residential patterns. Overall, our findings provide moderate support for spatial assimilation theory
and suggest that cross-nativity marriages often facilitate the residential integration of the foreign-born. 相似文献