中国的能源需求与阿拉伯石油

目前中国已被阿拉伯石油输出国组织(OAPEC)看成是未来最大的石油市场之一.由于我国改革开放的不断深入,国民经济持续高速增长,石油生产和消费的缺口不断扩大.因此,我国的石油进口可望迅速增长.由于历史原因、传统友谊以及地缘政治等因素,OAPEC成员国很愿意同我国进行能源方面的经济合作,为此,正在重新拟订、完善它们的石油发展计划,以便在未来对中国的石油需求做出响应.     

新世纪中国对中东产油国的石油外交

石油需求在中国能源发展中以不以人们意志为转移的方式增长。中国的石油外交也成为新世纪中国外交的主旋律。中东石油在中国海外油源中占有特殊地位，中国非常重视发展与中东产油国的能源合作关系。国家利益是国际关系中驱动国家互动的最基本要素，中国石油外交最重要的考量亦是国家利益，中国对中东产油国的石油外交具有政治与经济利益相辅相成、互动互利的特点。石油对中国经济持续高速增长极为重要，“石油经济”成为中国经济持续增长的关键，由此凸现了石油外交对中国经济发展的重要性。     

开展海外能源合作，确保中国石油供应

中国的石油需求增长迅速已成为世界性共识。在国内资源条件不理想的情况下，中国的最佳选择是，积极开展海外能源合作，以确保石油供应。各种因素表明，中东产油国应是中国的首选合作方。在开展海外能源合作，与一些主要的石油生产国或石油输出国互动时，既要重视提高海外能源运输的安全系数，也应以积极、友善的姿态，与周边邻国合作，构建亚洲石油供应保障体系。     

新世纪中国对中东产油国的石油外交

石油需求在中国能源发展中以不以人们意志为转移的方式增长.中国的石油外交也成为新世纪中国外交的主旋律.中东石油在中国海外油源中占有特殊地位,中国非常重视发展与中东产油国的能源合作关系.国家利益是国际关系中驱动国家互动的最基本要素,中国石油外交最重要的考量亦是国家利益,中国对中东产油国的石油外交具有政治与经济利益相辅相成、互动互利的特点.石油对中国经济持续高速增长极为重要,"石油经济"成为中国经济持续增长的关键,由此凸现了石油外交对中国经济发展的重要性.     

石油天然气在我国古代的开发和利用

中国是世界上最早发现和利用石油的国家，其历史早在古代就已开始。石油被开发和使用的范围涉及到社会的各个领域，本文主要从日常生活领域、文化领域、医疗、军事几个方面来探讨我国古代人们对石油天然气的开发利用情况。     

战后日本中东石油战略的调整及其启示

二战后日本中东石油战略的调整经历了获取石油开采权，建立海外石油基地；修改亲以政策，实行亲阿外交；从单纯的能源外交转向平衡外交；不愿过于依赖海湾阿拉伯国家，与伊朗联合开发油田的四个阶段。对中国的启示是重视战略石油储备的作用、增加勘探开发投入、使石油进口来源多元化。     

伊拉克石油工业的变化及其前景

近年来,伊拉克石油工业发生了积极变化,石油产量与供应稳步增长,伊拉克正努力成为未来的石油生产和供应大国.未来数十年内伊拉克扩大油气产量的雄伟计划是建立在其碳氢化合物资源规模和世界最低廉的生产成本基础上的,不断改善的国内政治和安全形势以及国际大石油公司的参与也有助于伊拉克的石油增产计划.然而,伊拉克在扩大石油产能和满足增产计划的时间表问题上,仍然面临许多重大问题的挑战,未来伊拉克面临的最大挑战是如何利用石油财富创造更加多元化的经济,以及如何把石油财富的增长转化成为伊拉克人民的福祉.     

我国天然气产量跃居世界第九

2008年，中国石油天然气生产继续保持了两位数以上的增长，增幅达到13．7％，这是中国石油天然气产量连续6年保持了两位数增长。有关统计数字还表明，我国天然气产量近年来的增长速度远高于全球4％的年均增长速度，中国天然气产量已跃居世界第九位。中国已不仅仅是世界石油生产大国，也已成为世界天然气生产大国。2008年中国石油天然气生产根据市场变化及时调整产量结构，加快重点气区产能建设步伐。其中塔里木油田天然气产量达到174亿立方米，继续保持我国第一大气区地位。     

中东石油与我国能源安全战略及政策选择

在过去的50年里,石油一直是影响世界政治风云和经济发展的重要因素之一,现在石油安全已成为世界各国面临的共同问题.进入新世纪后,如何保障长期稳定的石油供给是我国未来经济安全必须面对的一个重大问题,也是关系我国国民经济持续快速健康发展的全局性问题.中东国家与我同是第三世界国家,有着共同的战略利益,有与我国发展石油贸易与合作的愿望.我国既拥有充足的外汇储备又是一个潜在的巨大石油消费市场,这是我国与中东产油国扩大合作的有利条件.     

应对全球能源危机：中国在行动

中国能源消费急剧增长 中国正在发展成为一个原材料消费大国。尽管中国人均石油消费量仅为美国人的十分之一,但是在消费总量上,中国早已是一个重量级国家。2004年,中国石油消费量超过了日本,占世界石油总消费的10％,居世界第二位。国际能源署预测,2030年全球石油消费量将增长三分之二,而中国则将在2020年跃升为世界头号石油消费国。     

Politique et expertise scientifique. La régulation européenne des médicaments

A study of the EU system for regulating medicinal products is used to show the usefulness of distinguishing between policy-making and scientific expertise when analyzing political decision-making. This approach presupposes identifying the characteristics of scientific expertise. The experts responsible for assessing drugs have to combine knowledge and action. Questions are raised about how work is shared between decision-makers and experts. In the case of medicinal products, the work of experts has absorbed decision-making. Lest we waver between explanations in terms either of science or else of politics, it is necessary to substantively identify expertise’s political dimensions. Two conceptions — the “healthy man’s” and the “sick man’s” — of the purpose of assessing medicinal products stand out in debates; but political authorities pay no heed to them.     

The electronic face of government in the internet age: borrowing from Murray Edelman

The issue of legitimation by political elites has been a central concern of political scientists for many years. This article draws upon the work of Murray Edelman who was instrumental in analysing this relationship between rulers and ruled, the relatively powerful and relatively powerless, through an understanding of language, symbolism and the manipulation of information. It concludes with the contention that the Internet offers the prospect for governments to create new 'electronic faces', which act to support a symbolic architecture of power.     

WHAT IS THE MULTITUDE?

Nicholas Brown and Imre Szeman continue their conversation with Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. (See ‘The Global Coliseum: On Empire’ in Cultural Studies, 16.2, (March 2002), p. 177–192). In this new interview they press the authors of Empire and Multitude on questions that have arisen both out of their own involvement with the theoretical issues generated by Empire and from new areas opened up by Multitude. Why is the multitude not a class? How can the unity of a political project be maintained in the multiplicity of the multitude? Is democracy still a project for the future? Can a political subject constitute itself outside the structure of sovereignty? In other words, what is the multitude?     

DEFINING MOMENTS: THE TENSION BETWEEN RICHNESS AND REACH

The defining moments of traditional spatially based higher education are made up of fixed and fluid experiences. These 'moments' are now creaking as funding per student falls and the romanticized ideal of an education detached from 'real' life falters under the weight of highly variable student experiences. Distance learning in all its guises has always been regarded as inferior by those embedded in the traditional system. However more and more students demand something different from costly campus-based education. It is time for a more open discussion about the tensions between richness and reach and the role that new facilities like the Internet could play in reaching more students without wallowing in the nostalgia that often accompanies such debates.     

A Stylistic Analysis of Hemingway’s A Clean,Well-Lighted Place

One important theme of Hemingway＇s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is the nothingness of life itself, At the beginning of this short story, Hemingway presents a setting--the cafe, which is familiar to us, and then moves our attention to focus on the characters within that setting, The story is told through the dialogues between the two waiters and is in third-person narration, In the following paragraphs we will focus on stylistic characteristics of this short story,     

Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to Jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy

Field research on ‘young Moroccan Jihadists in Syria and Iraq from northern Morocco’ unexpectedly revealed the mundane factors behind their recruitment represented in the self-realization and the search for heroism, adventure and money, were the main reasons for the recruitment of young people in northern Morocco terrorist organizations, especially the Daesh. The religious factor is secondary. To combat terrorism and extremism which is spreading in the MENA region requires political will. Appropriate laws should be enacted as soon as possible and policies must be implemented to ensure border control, the closure of financing ports, propaganda platforms, anti-addiction, etc.     

INFORMATION-CENTRED DESIGN: A methodology for designing virtual meeting DESIGN environments

Development of single-user computer applications has often been based on user-centred or task-centred design methodologies, with some success. These methodologies are also useful for guiding the development of multi-user CSCW applications whenever the basic characteristics of the users, or the type of tasks for which the system is being designed are identifiable. The effectiveness of these methodologies as a basis for the design of virtual meeting environments for supporting community-based activities, on the other hand, is rather limited. This is mainly due to the fact that for such systems it is not generally possible to identify the user or task requirements, as these vary considerably from one community to another, or even within the same community over a period of time. New methodologies need to be devised, or existing methodologies have to be modified, to direct the development of virtual environments for which the characteristics of the users or their activities are not known in advance. This paper introduces the concept of information-centred design. Information-centred design, though not fully devised yet, focuses on the identification of the type of information, as well as the way it is collected and utilized by the users of a virtual meeting environment. This pool of information, which plays an important role in facilitating interaction and communication between the members of a community, could be defined as their communal memory.     

L’adaptation des modèles de production dans les pays émergents L’exemple de l’industrie automobile en Argentine

How to test for the existence of a new model of production based on the firm lending an ear to customer demands and valuing the individual and collective intelligence of its work force? The facts for putting this model to the test of reality come from an analysis of two Argentinean automobile-makers, subsidiaries of Toyota and Volkswagen. Various aspects of their organization policy provide evidence of their capacity for making adaptations by “hybridizing” the parent firm’s model with the rationales inherent in the network of local actors (suppliers and labor unions, in particular). These firms are open systems with a narrow margin of maneuver. — Special issue: Latin America.     

Celebrating the 21st anniversary of empowerment evaluation with our critical friends

This special topic edition of E&PP presents the insights of luminaries in the field who have helped shape empowerment evaluation with their critiques, concerns, and congratulations. We celebrate their contributions to empowerment evaluation. This special topic edition of E&PP presents their comments about an evaluation approach that, according to president Stewart Donaldson, has “gone viral” across the globe (Donaldson, 2015).To set the stage for these critical friends’ comments, additional context for their discussion is provided. In addition, this special topic edition concludes with a brief comment on their thoughts.     

The Politics of Pain and the End of Empire

This article is a discussion of the role of feeling and emotion, and particularly the experience of pain, in contemporary global political events. In placing pain at the center of an analysis of a lived experience of global politics, the aim is to forge strategies to resist neoliberal imperialism and to create emotionally literate political communities. Drawing on the work of Elaine Scarry, Sara Ahmed and Frantz Fanon, the article situates the concept of emotions in a modern colonial landscape that is both racialized and gendered, complicated by neoliberalism as a subjectivity that contains the scope for emotions. As a case study, the article considers the emotions of viewing the deliberate infliction of pain through the circulation of the ‘Abu Ghraib photos’, particularly in the form of recent museum exhibitions in the USA.